A comparison of three surface roughness characterization techniques: photogrammetry, pin profiler, and smartphone-based LiDAR

References

• Adams, J. R., A. A. Berg, H. McNairn, and A. Merzouki. 2013. “Sensitivity of C-Band SAR Polarimetric Variables to Unvegetated Agricultural Fields.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 39 (1): 1–16. doi:10.5589/m13-003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alijani, Z., J. Lindsay, M. Chabot, T. Rowlandson, and A. Berg. 2021. “Sensitivity of C-Band SAR Polarimetric Variables to the Directionality of Surface Roughness Parameters.” Remote Sensing 13 (11): 2210. doi:10.3390/rs13112210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An, P., K. Fang, Q. Jiang, H. Zhang, and Y. Zhang. 2021. “Measurement of Rock Joint Surfaces by Using Smartphone Structure from Motion (SfM) Photogrammetry.” Sensors 21 (3): 922. doi:10.3390/s21030922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baghdadi, N., N. Holah, and M. Zribi. 2006. “Soil Moisture Estimation Using Multi-Incidence and Multi-Polarization ASAR Data.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 27 (10): 1907–1920. doi:10.1080/01431160500239032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahaaddini, M., M. Serati, M. H. Khosravi, and B. Hebblewhite. 2022. “Rock Joint Micro-Scale Surface Roughness Characterisation Using Photogrammetry Method.” Journal of Mining and Environment 13 (1): 87–100. doi:10.22044/jme.2022.11669.2155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaes, X., and P. Defourny. 2008. “Characterizing Bidimensional Roughness of Agricultural Soil Surfaces for SAR Modeling.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 46 (12): 4050–4061. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2008.2002769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R., M. S. Moran, D. P. Thoma, C. D. Holifield Collins, S. Skirvin, M. Rahman, K. Slocum, P. Starks, D. Bosch, and M. P. Gonzalez Dugo. 2007. “Measuring Surface Roughness Height to Parameterize Radar Backscatter Models for Retrieval of Surface Soil Moisture.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 4 (1): 137–141. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2006.887146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrivick, J. L., and M. W. Smith. 2019. “Fluvial and Aquatic Applications of Structure from Motion Photogrammetry and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle/Drone Technology.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water 6 (1): e1328. doi:10.1002/wat2.1328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chabot, M., J. Lindsay, T. Rowlandson, and A. A. Berg. 2018. “Comparing the Use of Terrestrial LiDAR Scanners and Pin Profilers for Deriving Agricultural Roughness Statistics.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 44 (2): 153–168. doi:10.1080/07038992.2018.1461559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, W., W. Qian, A. Liu, C. Wang, X. Yang, G. Hu, and G. Tang. 2022. “Monitoring and Modeling Sediment Transport in Space in Small Loess Catchments Using UAV-SfM Photogrammetry.” CATENA 214: 106244. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2022.106244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalla Rosa, J., M. Cooper, F. Darboux, and J. C. Medeiros. 2012. “Soil Roughness Evolution in Different Tillage Systems Under Simulated Rainfall Using a Semivariogram-Based Index.” Soil and Tillage Research 124: 226–232. doi:10.1016/j.still.2012.06.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, K., and P. K. Paul. 2015. “Present Status of Soil Moisture Estimation by Microwave Remote Sensing.” Cogent Geoscience 1 (1): 1084669. doi:10.1080/23312041.2015.1084669.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, M. W. J., Thuy Le Toan, F. Mattia, G. Satalino, T. Manninen, and M. Borgeaud. 2000. “On the Characterization of Agricultural Soil Roughness for Radar Remote Sensing Studies.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 38 (2): 630–640. doi:10.1109/36.841993.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, L. 2020. “A Comparison Between Structure-from-Motion and Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Deriving Surface Roughness: A Case Study on a Sandy Terrain Surface.” The International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 42: 1225–1229. doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W10-1225-2020.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez Diaz, J. C., J. Judge, K. C. Slatton, R. Shrestha, W. E. Carter, and D. Bloomquist. 2010. “Characterization of Full Surface Roughness in Agricultural Soils Using Groundbased LiDAR.” IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 4442–4445. doi:10.1109/IGARSS.2010.5652056.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, Q., and J. Kan. 2022. “Automatic Forest DBH Measurement Based on Structure from Motion Photogrammetry.” Remote Sensing 14 (9): 2064. doi:10.3390/rs14092064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Gómez, P., S. Royo, N. Rodrigo, and J. R. Casas. 2020. “Geometric Model and Calibration Method for a Solid-State LiDAR.” Sensors 20 (10): 2898. doi:10.3390/s20102898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gharechelou, S., R. Tateishi, and B. A. Johnson. 2018. “A Simple Method for the Parameterization of Surface Roughness from Microwave Remote Sensing.” Remote Sensing 10 (11): 1711. doi:10.3390/rs10111711.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilliot, J.-M., E. Vaudour, and J. Michelin. 2017. “Soil Surface Roughness Measurement: A New Fully Automatic Photogrammetric Approach Applied to Agricultural Bare Fields.” Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 134: 63–78. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2017.01.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, V. K., and R. A. Jangid. 2011. “Microwave Response of Rough Surfaces with Auto-Correlation Functions, RMS Heights and Correlation Lengths Using Active Remote Sensing.” Indian Journal of Radio & Space Physics 40: 137–146.
   Google Scholar
• Hajnsek, I., E. Pottier, and S. R. Cloude. 2003. “Inversion of Surface Parameters from Polarimetric SAR.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 41 (4): 727–744. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2003.810702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollaus, M., C. Aubrecht, B. Höfle, K. Steinnocher, and W. Wagner. 2011. “Roughness Mapping on Various Vertical Scales Based on Full-Waveform Airborne Laser Scanning Data.” Remote Sensing 3 (3): 503–523. doi:10.3390/rs3030503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, M. R., and S. Robson. 2012. “Straightforward Reconstruction of 3D Surfaces and Topography with a Camera: Accuracy and Geoscience Application.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 117 (F3): 1–17. doi:10.1029/2011JF002289.
   Google Scholar
• Jester, W., and A. Klik. 2005. “Soil Surface Roughness Measurement—Methods, Applicability, and Surface Representation.” CATENA 64 (2): 174–192. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2005.08.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellner, J. R., J. Armston, M. Birrer, K. C. Cushman, L. Duncanson, C. Eck, C. Falleger, et al. 2019. “New Opportunities for Forest Remote Sensing Through Ultra-High-Density Drone Lidar.” Surveys in Geophysics 40 (4): 959–977. doi:10.1007/s10712-019-09529-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D. H., G. V. Poropat, I. Gratchev, and A. Balasubramaniam. 2015. “Improvement of Photogrammetric JRC Data Distributions Based on Parabolic Error Models.” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 80: 19–30. doi:10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.09.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S.-B., L. Tsang, J. T. Johnson, S. Huang, J. J. van Zyl, and E. G. Njoku. 2012. “Soil Moisture Retrieval Using Time-Series Radar Observations Over Bare Surfaces.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 50 (5): 1853–1863. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2011.2169454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, J., C. Derksen, P. Toose, A. Langlois, C. Larsen, J. Lemmetyinen, P. Marsh, B. Montpetit, A. Roy, and N. Rutter. 2018. “The Influence of Snow Microstructure on Dual-Frequency Radar Measurements in a Tundra Environment.” Remote Sensing of Environment 215: 242–254. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.05.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, F., R. Kelly, and C. G. Fletcher. 2022. “Evaluation of LiDAR-Derived Snow Depth Estimates from the IPhone 12 Pro.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 19: 1–5. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2022.3166665.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, D., C. Saroglou, F. Wu, P. Sha, and B. Li. 2021. “Development and Application of UAV-SfM Photogrammetry for Quantitative Characterization of Rock Mass Discontinuities.” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 141: 104729. doi:10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104729.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landy, J. C., D. Isleifson, A. S. Komarov, and D. G. Barber. 2015. “Parameterization of Centimeter-Scale Sea Ice Surface Roughness Using Terrestrial LiDAR.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 53 (3): 1271–1286. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2014.2336833.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavoie, A., F. Bonn, R. Fournier, J. Deslandes, I. Beaudin, and A. Michaud. 2006. “Spaceborne Observation and Modeling of Erosion and Non-Point Source Pollution in Agricultural Catchments Draining Into Lakes.” Global Developments in Environmental Earth Observation from Space Proceedings 25: 287–298.
   Google Scholar
• Le Morvan, A., M. Zribi, N. Baghdadi, and A. Chanzy. 2008. “Soil Moisture Profile Effect on Radar Signal Measurement.” Sensors 8 (1): 256–270. doi:10.3390/s8010256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, N., C.P. Ho, J. Xue, L.W. Lim, G. Chen, Y.H. Fu, and L.Y.T. Lee. 2022. “A Progress Review on Solid-State LiDAR and Nanophotonics-Based LiDAR Sensors.” Laser & Photonics Reviews 16(11): 2270057. doi:10.1002/lpor.202270057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., S. Yan, N. Chen, and J. Gong. 2020. “Performance Evaluation of a Neural Network Model and Two Empirical Models for Estimating Soil Moisture Based on Sentinel-1 SAR Data.” Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 105: 85–99. doi:10.2528/PIERC20071601.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay, J. B. 2016. “Whitebox GAT: A Case Study in Geomorphometric Analysis.” Computers & Geosciences 95: 75–84. doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2016.07.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luetzenburg, G., A. Kroon, and A. A. Bjørk. 2021. “Evaluation of the Apple IPhone 12 Pro LiDAR for an Application in Geosciences.” Scientific Reports 11 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01763-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luhmann, T., C. Fraser, and H.-G. Maas. 2016. “Sensor Modelling and Camera Calibration for Close-Range Photogrammetry.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 115: 37–46. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacFaden, S. W., J. P. M. O’Neil-Dunne, A. R. Royar, J. W. T. Lu, and A. G. Rundle. 2012. “High-Resolution Tree Canopy Mapping for New York City Using LIDAR and Object-Based Image Analysis.” Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 6 (1): 063567. doi:10.1117/1.JRS.6.063567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Agirre, A., J. Álvarez-Mozos, and R. Giménez. 2016. “Evaluation of Surface Roughness Parameters in Agricultural Soils with Different Tillage Conditions Using a Laser Profile Meter.” Soil and Tillage Research 161: 19–30. doi:10.1016/j.still.2016.02.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Agirre, A., J. Álvarez-Mozos, M. Milenković, N. Pfeifer, R. Giménez, J. Manuel Valle, and Á Rodríguez. 2020. “Evaluation of Terrestrial Laser Scanner and Structure from Motion Photogrammetry Techniques for Quantifying Soil Surface Roughness Parameters Over Agricultural Soils.” Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 45 (3): 605–621. doi:10.1002/esp.4758.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNairn, H., A. Merzouki, A. Pacheco, and J. Fitzmaurice. 2012. “Monitoring Soil Moisture to Support Risk Reduction for the Agriculture Sector Using RADARSAT-2.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 5 (3): 824–834. doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2012.2192416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meloche, J., A. Royer, Al. Langlois, N. Rutter, and V. Sasseville. 2021. “Improvement of Microwave Emissivity Parameterization of Frozen Arctic Soils Using Roughness Measurements Derived from Photogrammetry.” International Journal of Digital Earth 14 (10): 1380–1396. doi:10.1080/17538947.2020.1836049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merzouki, A., H. McNairn, and A. Pacheco. 2011. “Mapping Soil Moisture Using RADARSAT-2 Data and Local Autocorrelation Statistics.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 4 (1): 128–137. doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2011.2116769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikalai, Z., D. Andrey, H. S. Hawas, Н Tеtiana, and S. Oleksandr. 2022. “Human Body Measurement with the IPhone 12 Pro LiDAR Scanner.” AIP Conference Proceedings 2430 (1): 090009–090016. doi:10.1063/5.0078310.
   Google Scholar
• Moreno, R. G., M. C. Díaz Álvarez, A. T. Alonso, S. Barrington, and A. S. Requejo. 2008. “Tillage and Soil Type Effects on Soil Surface Roughness at Semiarid Climatic Conditions.” Soil and Tillage Research 98 (1): 35–44. doi:10.1016/j.still.2007.10.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murtiyoso, A., P. Grussenmeyer, T. Landes, and H. Macher. 2021. “First Assessments Into the Use of Commercial-Grade Solid State Lidar for Low Cost Heritage Documentation.” The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2021, 43: 599–604. doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2021-599-2021.
   Google Scholar
• Nolan, M., C. Larsen, and M. Sturm. 2015. “Mapping Snow Depth from Manned Aircraft on Landscape Scales at Centimeter Resolution Using Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry.” The Cryosphere 9 (4): 1445–1463. doi:10.5194/tc-9-1445-2015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nouwakpo, S. K., M. A. Weltz, and K. McGwire. 2016. “Assessing the Performance of Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry and Terrestrial LiDAR for Reconstructing Soil Surface Microtopography of Naturally Vegetated Plots.” Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 41 (3): 308–322. doi:10.1002/esp.3787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, Y. 2004. “Quantitative Retrieval of Soil Moisture Content and Surface Roughness from Multipolarized Radar Observations of Bare Soil Surfaces.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 42 (3): 596–601. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2003.821065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poropat, G. V. 2009. “Measurement of Surface Roughness of Rock Discontinuities.” In Proceedings of the 3rd CANUS Rock Mechanics Symposium, Toronto, edited by G. Grasselli, and M. S. Diederichs, 3976. 3rd Canada-US rock mechanics symposium, Toronto, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, K. C., J. B. Lindsay, and A. A. Berg. 2019. “An Analysis of Ground-Point Classifiers for Terrestrial Lidar.” Remote Sensing 11 (16): 1915. doi:10.3390/rs11161915.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Caballero, E., Y. Cantón, S. Chamizo, A. Afana, and A. Solé-Benet. 2012. “Effects of Biological Soil Crusts on Surface Roughness and Implications for Runoff and Erosion.” Geomorphology 145: 81–89. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.12.042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rychkov, I., J. Brasington, and D. Vericat. 2012. “Computational and Methodological Aspects of Terrestrial Surface Analysis Based on Point Clouds.” Computers & Geosciences 42: 64–70. doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2012.02.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai, T., E. Birhane, B. Abebe, and D. Gebremeskel. 2021. “Applicability of Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry on Forest Measurement in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands.” Sustainability 13 (9): 5282. doi:10.3390/su13095282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saricam, I. T., and H. Ozturk. 2022. “Joint Roughness Profiling Using Photogrammetry.” Applied Geomatics, 14(4):1–15. doi:10.1007/s12518-022-00454-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwendel, A. C., and D. J. Milan. 2020. “Terrestrial Structure-from-Motion: Spatial Error Analysis of Roughness and Morphology.” Geomorphology 350: 106883. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.106883.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidel, D., and C. Ammer. 2014. “Efficient Measurements of Basal Area in Short Rotation Forests Based on Terrestrial Laser Scanning Under Special Consideration of Shadowing.” IForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 7 (4): 227–232. doi:10.3832/ifor1084-007.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, M. W., J. L. Carrivick, and D. J. Quincey. 2016. “Structure from Motion Photogrammetry in Physical Geography.” Progress in Physical Geography 40 (2): 247–275. doi:10.1177/0309133315615805.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snapir, B., S. Hobbs, and T. W. Waine. 2014. “Roughness Measurements Over an Agricultural Soil Surface with Structure from Motion.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 96: 210–223. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.07.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturzenegger, M., and D. Stead. 2009. “Close-Range Terrestrial Digital Photogrammetry and Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Discontinuity Characterization on Rock Cuts.” Engineering Geology 106 (3–4): 163–182. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao, H., Q. Chen, Z. Li, J. Zeng, and X. Chen. 2017. “Improvement of Soil Surface Roughness Measurement Accuracy by Close-Range Photogrammetry.” Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering 33 (15): 162–167.
   Google Scholar
• Tatsumi, S., K. Yamaguchi, and N. Furuya. 2021. “ForestScanner: A Mobile Application for Measuring and Mapping Trees with LiDAR-Equipped IPhone and IPad.” Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 00: 1–7. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.13900.
   Google Scholar
• Tavani, S., A. Billi, A. Corradetti, M. Mercuri, A. Bosman, M. Cuffaro, T. Seers, and E. Carminati. 2022. “Smartphone Assisted Fieldwork: Towards the Digital Transition of Geoscience Fieldwork Using LiDAR-Equipped IPhones.” Earth-Science Reviews 227: 103969. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103969.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teppati Losè, L., A. Spreafico, F. Chiabrando, and F. G. Tonolo. 2022. “Apple LiDAR Sensor for 3D Surveying: Tests and Results in the Cultural Heritage Domain.” Remote Sensing 14 (17): 4157. doi:10.3390/rs14174157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tontini, A., L. Gasparini, and M. Perenzoni. 2020. “Numerical Model of Spad-Based Direct Time-of-Flight Flash Lidar CMOS Image Sensors.” Sensors 20 (18): 5203. doi:10.3390/s20185203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudel, M., F. Charbonneau, F. Avendano, and R. Leconte. 2010. “Quick Profiler (QuiP): A Friendly Tool to Extract Roughness Statistical Parameters Using a Needle Profiler.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 36 (4): 391–396. doi:10.5589/m10-070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, R., R. Panciera, M. A. Tanase, K. Lowell, J. M. Hacker, and J. P. Walker. 2014. “Estimation of Soil Surface Roughness of Agricultural Soils Using Airborne LiDAR.” Remote Sensing of Environment 140: 107–117. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinci, A., F. Todisco, L. Vergni, and D. Torri. 2020. “A Comparative Evaluation of Random Roughness Indices by Rainfall Simulator and Photogrammetry.” Catena 188: 104468. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2020.104468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, L., A. Lucieer, Z. Malenovský, D. Turner, and P. Vopěnka. 2016. “Assessment of Forest Structure Using Two UAV Techniques: A Comparison of Airborne Laser Scanning and Structure from Motion (SfM) Point Clouds.” Forests 7 (3): 62. doi:10.3390/f7030062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., H. Lyu, T. Mao, W. He, and Q. Chen. 2022. “Point Cloud Segmentation from IPhone-Based LiDAR Sensors Using the Tensor Feature.” Applied Sciences 12 (4): 1817. doi:10.3390/app12041817.
   Google Scholar
• Westoby, M. J., J. Brasington, N. F. Glasser, M. J. Hambrey, and J. M. Reynolds. 2012. “Structure-from-Motion’ Photogrammetry: A Low-Cost, Effective Tool for Geoscience Applications.” Geomorphology 179: 300–314. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.08.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, M., H. Wang, C. Tong, L. Zhu, X. Deng, J. Deng, and K. Wang. 2021. “Soil Moisture Retrievals Using Multi-Temporal Sentinel-1 Data Over Nagqu Region of Tibetan Plateau.” Remote Sensing 13 (10): 1913. doi:10.3390/rs13101913.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, J., K.-S. Chen, C. Cui, and X. Bai. 2020. “A Physically Based Soil Moisture Index from Passive Microwave Brightness Temperatures for Soil Moisture Variation Monitoring.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 58 (4): 2782–2795. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2019.2955542.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, X., L. Li, S. Chen, T. Jiang, X. Li, and K. Zhao. 2019. “Temporal Evolution Characteristics and Prediction Methods of Spatial Correlation Function Shape of Rough Soil Surfaces.” Soil and Tillage Research 195: 104417. doi:10.1016/j.still.2019.104417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, T., and J. K. Miller. 2021. “UAS-SfM Approach to Evaluate the Performance of Notched Groins Within a Groin Field and Their Impact on the Morphological Evolution of a Beach Nourishment.” Coastal Engineering 170: 103997. doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2021.103997.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar