554
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

From “former comrades” to “near enemy”: the narrative template of “armed struggle” and conflicting discourses on Violent Dissident Irish Republican activity (VDR)

Pages 269-291 | Received 01 Nov 2015, Accepted 13 Jan 2016, Published online: 12 Apr 2016

References

  • An Phoblacht. 1997. “Media Reports ‘Greatly Exaggerated’ – IRA.” An Phoblacht, November 13.
  • An Phoblacht. 2005a. “Lurgan Barracks Blast Was Wrong.” An Phoblacht, January 13.
  • An Phoblacht. 2005b. “Gerry Adams’ Address to the PIRA.” An Phoblacht, April 7.
  • An Phoblacht. 2008a. “The Brian Keenan Interview: Revolutionaries Have to Be Pragmatic – Wish Lists are for Christmas.” An Phoblacht, April 10.
  • An Phoblacht. 2008b. “Micro Groups Have No Strategy for Irish Unity.” An Phoblacht, Thurs August 21.
  • An Phoblacht. 2010. “‘The Militarist Campaign: Who’s Pulling the Strings?’ Asks Ex-Pow Bobby Storey.” An Phoblacht, July 2.
  • An Phoblacht. 2011. “Gerry Adams Lays down Challenge to Killers – I’ll Meet You Anytime.” An Phoblacht, April 14.
  • Antze, P., and M. Lambek. 1996. “Introduction: Forecasting Memory.” In Tense Past: Cultural Essays on Trauma and Memory, edited by P. Antze and M. Lambek. New York: Routledge.
  • Bean, K. 2012. “New Dissidents are but Old Provisional’s Writ Large? The Dynamics of Dissident Republicanism in the New Northern Ireland.” The Political Quarterly 83 (2): 210–218. doi:10.1111/j.1467-923X.2012.02300.x.
  • Bosi, L. 2012. “Explaining Pathways to Armed Activism in the Provisional Irish Republican Army, 1969-72.” Social Science History 36 (3): 347–390.
  • Bowman-Grieve, L., and M. Conway. 2012. “Exploring the Form and Function of Dissident Irish Republican On-Line Discourses.” Media, War & Conflict 5 (1): 71–85. doi:10.1177/1750635211434371.
  • Bowyer Bell, J. 1998. The Dynamics of the Armed Struggle. London: Frank Cass.
  • Boyle, M. 2014. Violence after War: Explaining Instability in Post-Conflict States. Maryland: John Hopkins.
  • Burton, F. 1978. The Politics of Legitimacy: Struggles in a Belfast Community. London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Della Porta, D. 1995. Political Violence and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dingley, J. 2001. “The Bombing of Omagh 15 August 1998: The Bombers, Their Tactics, Strategy and Purpose behind the Incident.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 24 (6): 451–465. doi:10.1080/105761001753210489.
  • English, R. 2003. Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • English, R. 2006. Irish Freedom: The History of Nationalism in Ireland. London: MacMillan.
  • Evans, J., and J. Tonge. 2012. “Menace without Mandate? Is There Any Sympathy for ‘Dissident’ Irish Republicanism in Northern Ireland?” Terrorism and Political Violence 24 (1): 61–78. doi:10.1080/09546553.2011.608818.
  • Feldman, A. 1991. Formations of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and Political Terror in Northern Ireland. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Frampton, M. 2011. Legion of the Rearguard: Dissident Irish Republicanism. Dublin: Irish Academic Press.
  • Frenett, R., and M. L. R. Smith. 2012. “IRA 2.0: Continuing the Long War – Analyzing the Factors behind Anti-GFA Violence.” Terrorism and Political Violence 24 (3): 375–395. doi:10.1080/09546553.2011.624862.
  • Friel, L. 2009. “Peace Process under Attack.” An Phoblacht, March 12th.
  • Gerges, F. 2005. The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Grossman, M. 2014. “Disenchantments: Counterterror Narratives and Conviviality.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 7 (3): 319–335. doi:10.1080/17539153.2014.937097.
  • Guelke, A. 2006. Terrorism and Global Disorder. London: I.B. Tauris.
  • Gurr, T. R. 2011. Why Men Rebel. London: Paradigm.
  • Hanley, B. 2003. “The Rhetoric of Republican Legitimacy.” In Republicanism in Modern Ireland, edited by F. McGarry. Dublin: University College Dublin Press.
  • Hanley, B. 2013. “‘But Then They Started All This Killing’: Attitudes to the IRA in the Irish Republic since 1969.” Irish Historical Studies 38 (151): 439–456.
  • Hanley, B., and S. Millar. 2009. The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Worker’s Party. London: Penguin.
  • Hedges, J., 2012. ’Dissidents’ Cannot Achieve a United Ireland, Says Sinn Fein’s Gerry Kelly. An Phoblacht 27 July. Available from: http://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/22122.
  • Hobsbawm, E. 1962. The Age of Revolution 1789–1848. London: Wiedenfeld & Nicolson.
  • Höglund, K. 2005. “Violence and the Peace Process in Sri Lanka.” Civil Wars 7 (2): 156–170. doi:10.1080/13698280500422843.
  • Horgan, J. 2009. Walking Away from Terrorism: Accounts of Disengagement from Radical and Extremist Movements. London: Routledge.
  • Horgan, J. 2013. Divided We Stand: The Strategy and Psychology of Ireland’s Dissident Terrorists. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kedourie, E. 2003. Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Kelly, M. 1986. “Power, Control and Media Coverage of the Conflict in Northern Ireland.” In Ireland: A Sociological Profile, edited by P. Clancy. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration.
  • McDonald, H., 2015. Irish Republican Detained for Calling Armed Attacks ‘Legitimate’. The Guardian, 20 April. Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/20/irish-republican-detained-for-calling-armed-attacks-legitimate.
  • McKittrick, D. 2009. “Two Arrested as Sinn Fein Brands Gunmen ‘Traitors’.” The Independent, March 11.
  • Moloney, E. 2002. A Secret History of the IRA. New York: W.W. Norton.
  • Morrison, J. 2013. The Origins and Rise of Dissident Irish Republicanism: The Role and Impact of Organizational Splits. New York: Bloomsbury.
  • O’Boyle, G. 2011. “Bombings to Ballots: The Evolution of the Irish Republican Movement’s Conceptualisation of Democracy.” Irish Political Studies 26 (4): 593–606. doi:10.1080/07907184.2011.619753.
  • O’Kane, E. 2006. “When Can Conflicts Be Resolved? A Critique of Ripeness.” Civil Wars 8 (3–4): 268–284. doi:10.1080/13698240601060710.
  • Prince, S., and G. Warner. 2013. “The IRA and Its Rivals: Political Competition and the Turn to Violence in the Early Troubles.” Contemporary British History 27 (3): 271–296. doi:10.1080/13619462.2013.784866.
  • Rekawek, K. 2011. Irish Republican Terrorism and Politics: A Comparative Study of the Official and the Provisional IRA. London: Routledge.
  • Republican News. 1974. “The Alternative – English Withdrawal or War.” Republican News, July 13.
  • Rice, B. 2015. “‘Hawks Turn to Doves’: The Response of the Post-revolutionary Generation to the ‘New’ Troubles in Ireland, 1969–1971.” Irish Political Studies 30 (2): 238–254. doi:10.1080/07907184.2015.1023715.
  • Sanders, A. 2011. Inside the IRA: Dissident Republicans and the War for Legitimacy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Saoirse. 2009a. “Felon-setting by Provos.” Saoirse, February.
  • Saoirse. 2009b. “British Repression Provokes Resistance.” Saoirse, October.
  • Shirlow, P., J. Tonge, J. McAuley, and C. McGlynn. 2010. Abandoning Historical Conflict? Former Political Prisoners and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Sinn Fein. 1985. The Good Old IRA: Tan War Operations. Dublin: Sinn Fein Publicity Department.
  • Sisk, T. 1993. “The Violence-Negotiation Nexus: South Africa in Transition and the Politics of Uncertainty.” Negotiation Journal 9 (1): 77–94. doi:10.1111/nejo.1993.9.issue-1.
  • Sluka, J. A. 1989. Hearts and Minds, Water and Fish: The IRA and INLA in a Northern Irish ghetto. Connecticut: JAI Press.
  • Sluka, J. A. 2009. “In the Shadow of the Gun: ‘Not-War-Not-Peace and the Future of Conflict in Northern Ireland.” Critique of Anthropology 29 (3): 279–299. doi:10.1177/0308275X09104086.
  • Sluka, J. A. 2012. “Reflections on Managing Danger in Fieldwork: Dangerous Anthropology in Belfast.” In Ethnographic Fieldwork: An Anthropological Reader, edited by A. Robben and J. A. Sluka. 2nd ed. Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Socialist Republican. 1988 “IPLO- 1988.” Socialist Republican.
  • Stedman, S. 2008. “Peace Processes and the Challenges of Violence.” In Contemporary Peacemaking: Conflict, Peace Processes and Post-War Reconstruction, edited by J. Darby and R. MacGinty. 2nd ed. Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Steenkamp, C. 2005. “The Legacy of War: Conceptualizing a ‘Culture of Violence’ to Explain Violence after Peace Accords.” The Round Table 94 (379): 253–267. doi:10.1080/00358530500082775.
  • The Plough. 1973. “We Who Condemn.” The Plough, December.
  • The Sovereign Nation. 2007. “Óglaigh na hÉireann New Years Message 2007.” The Sovereign Nation, January/February.
  • The Sovereign Nation. 2010a. “IRA Attacks ‘On the Increase’.” The Sovereign Nation, September/October.
  • The Sovereign Nation. 2010b. “Continuing the Resistance – The Republican Strategy.” The Sovereign Nation, October/November.
  • The Starry Plough. 1975. “Resignations.” The Starry Plough, April.
  • The United Irishman. 1972. “Martin Meehan: IRA Answers Accusation.” The United Irishman, September.
  • The United Irishman. 1975. “Young Republican Killed.” The United Irishman, May.
  • The United Irishman. 1979. “Terrorism the Enemy of All – Garland.” The United Irishman, September.
  • Thornton, T. 1964. “Terror as a Weapon of Political Agitation.” In Internal War: Problems and Approaches, edited by H. Eckstein. New York: Free Press.
  • Tonge, J. 2004. “‘They Haven’t Gone Away, You Know’. Irish Republican ‘Dissidents’ and ‘Armed Struggle’.” Terrorism and Political Violence 16 (3): 671–693. doi:10.1080/09546550490510007.
  • Tonge, J. 2012. “‘No-One Likes Us; We Don’t Care’: ‘Dissident’ Irish Republicans and Mandates.” The Political Quarterly 83 (2): 219–226. doi:10.1111/j.1467-923X.2012.02299.x.
  • Tonge, J. 2014a. “A Campaign Without End? ‘Dissident’ Republican Violence in Northern Ireland’.” Political Insight 5: 14–17. doi:10.1111/2041-9066.12042.
  • Tonge, J. 2014b. Comparative Peace Processes. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Tota, A. L. 2001. “Homeless Memories: How Societies Forget Their Past.” Studies in Communication Sciences 1 (2): 193–214.
  • Wertsch, J. V. 2002. Voices of Collective Remembering. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wertsch, J. V. 2009. “Collective Memory.” In Memory in Mind and Culture, edited by P. Boyer and J. V. Wertsch. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wertsch, J. V. 2012. “Deep Memory and Narrative Templates: Conservative Forces in Collective Memory.” In Memory and Political Change, edited by A. Assmann and L. Shortt. London: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Whiting, S. A. 2012. “The Discourse of Defence: ‘Dissident’ Irish Republican Newspapers and the ‘Propaganda War’.” Terrorism and Political Violence 24 (3): 483–503. doi:10.1080/09546553.2011.637587.
  • Whiting, S. A. 2015. Spoiling the Peace? The Threat of Dissident Republicans to Peace in Northern Ireland. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Wright, J. 1991. Terrorist Propaganda: The Red Army Faction and the Provisional IRA 1968-86. London: MacMillan.
  • Young, D., 2015. Twenty Years after the Terrorist Ceasefires, but Dissident Gunmen Still Roam Streets and Alleyways of Lurgan Estate. Belfast Telegraph 25 April. Available from: http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/twenty-years-after-the-terrorist-ceasefires-but-dissident-gunmen-still-roam-streets-and-alleyways-of-lurgan-estate-31169991.html.
  • Zahar, M. 2008. “Reframing the Spoiler Debate in Peace Processes.” In Contemporary Peacemaking: Conflict, Peace Processes and Post-War Reconstruction, edited by J. Darby and R. MacGinty. 2nd ed. Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.