Blurring European and Islamic values or brightening the good – bad Muslim dichotomy? A critical analysis of French Muslim victims of Jihadi terror online on twitter and in Le Monde newspaper

References

• Alba, R. 2005. “Bright Vs. Blurred Boundaries: Second-Generation Assimilation and Exclusion in France, Germany, and the United States.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 28 (1): 20–49. doi:10.1080/0141987042000280003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastie, E. 2015. “Attentat de Nice: Une victim sur trois était musulmane, Le Figaro.” [online] Accessed December 22 2017. http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2016/07/19/01016-20160719ARTFIG00171-attentat-de-nice-une-victime-sur-trois-etait-musulmane.php
   Google Scholar
• Bhabha, H. K. 2006. “Cultural Diversity and Cultural Differences.” In The Post-Colonial Studies Reader, edited by B. Ashcroft and H. Griffiths. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Billig, M. 1995. Banal Nationalism. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bleiker, R. 2015. “Pluralist Methods for Visual Global Politics.” Millennium – Journal of International Studies 43 (3): 872–890.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgarel, X., R. Branche, and C. Drieu, eds. 2017. Combatants of Muslim Origin in European Armies in the Twentieth Century: Far from Jihad. London, UK: Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar
• Bouzar, D., C. Caupenne, and S. Valsan 2014. “Recherche-Action sur la mutation du processus d’endoctrinement et d’embrigadement dans l’islam radical.” Centre de prevention contre les derives sectaires, [online] Accessed December 29 2017. http://www.cpdsi.fr/articles-et-rapports/la-metamorphose-operee-chez-le-jeune-par-les-nouveaux-discours-terroristes/
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psycology 3 (2): 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
   Google Scholar
• Burnett, J., and D. Whyte. 2005. “Embedded Expertise and the New Terrorism.” Journal for Crime, Conflict and the Media 1 (4): 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, J. 2004. Precarious Life: The Powres of Mourning and Violence, New York, USA: Verso Books.
   Google Scholar
• Buzan, B., O. Weaver, and J. de Wilde. 1998. Security A New Framework for Analysis. London: Lynne Reinner.
   Google Scholar
• Cesari, J. 2009. “The Securitisation of Islam in Europe, Vol 15 CEPS.” [online] Accessed March 06 2017. http://aei.pitt.edu/10763/1/1826.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cesari, J. 2013. “European Conundrum: Integration of Muslims or Securitisation of Islam?” World Review, December 2. [online] Accessed April 12 2017. https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/european-conundrum-integration-of-muslims-or-securitisation-of-islam
   Google Scholar
• Christie, N. 1986. “The Ideal Victim.” In From Crime Policy to Victim Policy, edited by E. Fattah. London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Coskun, B. 2011. Analysing Desecuritisation: The Case of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Education and Water Management. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Croucher, S. 2008. “French-Muslims and the Hijab: An Analysis of Identity and the Islamic Veil in France.” Journal of Intercultural Communication Research 37: 3. doi:10.1080/17475750903135408.
   Google Scholar
• Downing, J., J. Jackson-Preece, and M. Werdine-Norris. 2015. “The Security Threat Posed by ‘Outsiders’ Is Becoming a Central Theem of French Politics in the Aftermath of Charlie Hebdo.” EuroppBlog 15/ 04/15, [online] Accessed March 6 2017. http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2015/04/15/the-security-threat-posed-by-outsiders-is-becoming-a-central-theme-of-french-politics-in-the-aftermath-of-charlie-hebdo/
   Google Scholar
• El Hamel, C. 2002. “Muslim Diaspora in Western Europe: The Islamic Headscarf (Hijab), the Media and Muslims’ Integration in France.” Citizenship Studies 6: 3. doi:10.1080/1362102022000011621.
   Google Scholar
• Eroukhmanoff, Clara. 2015. “The Remote Securitisation of Islam in the US Post-9/11: Euphemisation, Metaphors and the “Logic of Expected Consequences” in Counter-Radicalisation Discourse.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 8 (2): 246–265. doi:10.1080/17539153.2015.1053747.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fereday, J., and M. Cochrane. 2006. “Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis: A Hybrid Approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development.” International Journal of Qualiatative Methods 5: 1.
   Google Scholar
• Fredette, J. 2014. Constructing Muslims in France: Discourse, Public Identity, and the Politics of Citizenship. Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giry, S. 2006. “France and Its Muslims.” Foreign Affairs 85 (5): 87–104. doi:10.2307/20032072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunning, J. 2007. “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?” Government and Opposition 42 (3): 363–393. doi:10.1111/goop.2007.42.issue-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, L. 2011. “Theorizing the Image for Security Studies: Visual Securitisation and the Muhammad Cartoon Crisis.” European Journal of International Relations 17 (1): 51–74. doi:10.1177/1354066110388593.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, L. 2012. “Reconstructing Desecuritisation: The Normative-Political in the Copenhagen School and Directions for How to Apply It.” Review of International Studies 38 (3): 525–546. doi:10.1017/S0260210511000581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargreaves, A. 2007. Multi-Ethnic France: Immigration, Politics, Culture, and Society. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Haskins, E. 2007. “Between Archive and Participation: Public Memory in a Digital Age.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 37: 401–422. doi:10.1080/02773940601086794.
   Google Scholar
• Herring, E. 2008. “Critical Terrorism Studies: An Activist Scholar Perspective.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 4 (1): 5–21. doi:10.1080/17539153.2011.553384.
   Google Scholar
• Hess, A. 2007. “In Digital Remembrance: Vernacular Memory and the Rhetorical Construction of Web Memorials.” Media, Culture and Society 29: 812–830. doi:10.1177/0163443707080539.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntingdon, S. 1993. “The Clash of Civilisations?” Foreign Affairs 72 (3): 22–49. doi:10.2307/20045621.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussey, A. 2014. The French Intifada: The Long War between France and It’s Arabs. London: Granta Books.
   Google Scholar
• Huysmans, J. 1998. “The Question of the Limit: Desecuritization and the Aesthetics of Horror in Political Realism.” Millenium – Journal of International Studies 27: 569–589. doi:10.1177/03058298980270031301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglehart, R., and P. Norris. 2009. “Muslim Integration into Western Cultures: Between Origins and Destination.” HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP09–007, John F Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University [online] Accessed March 6 2017. https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/4481625/Norris_MuslimIntegration.pdf?sequence=1
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, R. 2007. “The Core Commitments of Critical Terrorism Studies, European Consortium for Political Research, Jarvis L (2009) the Spaces and Faces of Critical Terrorism Studies.” Security Dialogue 40 (1).
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis, L. 2009. The Spaces and Faces of Critical Terrorism Studies. Security Dialogue, 40 (1): 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010608100845
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis, L. 2011. “9/11 Digitally Remastered? Internet Archieves, Vernacular Memories and Wherewereyou.Org.” Journal of American Studies 45 (4): 793–814. doi:10.1017/S002187581100096X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kepel, G. 2012. Banlieue de la République: Société, politique et religion à Clichy-sous-Bois et Montfermeil. Paris: Broché.
   Google Scholar
• Knoblauch, H. 2008. “Visual Analysis: New Developments in the Interpretive Analysis of Video and Photography.” Qualitative Social Research 9 (3).
   Google Scholar
• Kress, G. 2012. “Multimodal Discourse Analysis.” In The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis, edited by J. P. Gee and M. Handford, 34–49. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lawther, C. 2014. “The Construction and Politicisation of Victimhood.” In Victims of Terrorism: A Comparative and Interdisciplinary Study, edited by O. Lynch and J. Argomaniz, 10-31 London: Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Lévinas, E., and R. Cohen. 1985. Ethics and Infinity. Pittsburg, USA: Duquesne University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maira, S. 2009. ““Good” and “Bad” Muslim Citizens: Feminists, Terrorists and US Orientalists.” Feminist Studies 35 (3): 631–657.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamdani, M. 2008. Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: A Political Perspective on Culture and Terrorism. American Anthropologist, 104 (3): 766–775. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2002.104.3.766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mavelli, L. 2013. “Between Normalisation and Exception: The Securitisation of Islam and the Construction of the Secular Subject, Millennium.” Journal of International Studies 41: 2.
   Google Scholar
• McGowan, W. 2016. “Critical Terrorism Studies, Victimisation, and Policy Relevance: Compromising Politics or Challenging Hegemony?” Critical Studies on Terrorism 9 (1): 12–32. doi:10.1080/17539153.2016.1147772.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monde, L. 2015. “Le Memorial Du ≪Monde≫ Aux Victimes Des Attentats Du 13-Novembre” [online] at Accessed April 17 2017. http://www.lemonde.fr/attaques-a-paris/visuel/2015/11/25/enmemoire_4817200_4809495.html
   Google Scholar
• Monde, L. 2016. “Le mémorial de ≪Monde≫ aux victimes de attentats de Nice.” [online] at Accessed April 17 2017. http://www.lemonde.fr/grands-formats/visuel/2016/10/06/le-memorial-du-monde-aux-victimes-des-attentats-de-nice_5009546_4497053.html
   Google Scholar
• Parekh, B. 2013. “Is Islam a Threat to Europe’s Multicultural Democracies?” In Religion in the New Europe, edited by K. Michalski. Budapest, 111-121. Hungary: Central Univeristy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reisigl, M., and R. Wodak. 2001. Discourse and Discrimination: Rhetorics of Racism and Anti-Semitism. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Roe, P. 2004. “Securitization and Minority Rights: Conditions of Desecuritization.” Security Dialogue 35 (3): 279–292. doi:10.1177/0967010604047527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothenbuhler, E. W. 2004. “Ground Zero, the Firemen and the Symbolics of Touch on 9/11.” In Media Anthropology, edited by E. W. Rothenbuhler and M. Coman. who where
   Google Scholar
• Rumelili, B. 2013. “Identity and Desecuritisation: The Pitfalls of Conflating Ontological and Physical Security.” Journal of International Realtions and Development 18: 52–74. doi:10.1057/jird.2013.22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagemen, M. 2014. “The Stagnation in Terrorism Research.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26: 565–580. doi:10.1080/09546553.2014.895649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samers, Michael E. 2003. “Disapora Unbound: Muslim Identity and the Erratic Regulation of Islam in France.” Population, Space and Place 9 (4): 351–364.
   Google Scholar
• Semanti, M. 2011. “Communication, Culture and the Essentialized Islam.” Communication Studies 62: 1.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, D. 2006. 9/11: The Culture of Commemoration. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sirin, S. R., and M. Fine. 2006. “Hyphenated Selves: Muslim American Youth Negotiating Identities on the Fault Lines of Global Conflict.” Applied Developmental Science 11 (3): 151–163. doi:10.1080/10888690701454658.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirin, S. R., & Fine, M. 2007. Hyphenated Selves: Muslim American Youth Negotiating Identities on the Fault Lines of Global Conflict. Applied Developmental Science, 11 (3): 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888690701454658
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stump, J., and P. Dixit. 2011. “Towrds a Completely Constructivist Critical Terrorism Studies.” International Relations 26 (2): 199–217. doi:10.1177/0047117811404720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Guardian. 2017. “Mogadishu Truck Bomb: 500 Casualties in Somalia’s Worst Terrorist Attack.” [online] Accessed November 30 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/15/truck-bomb-mogadishu-kills-people-somalia
   Google Scholar
• Wacquant, L. 2007. Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality. Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, E. 1976. Peasants into Frenchment: The Modernisation of Rural France, 1870–1914. USA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, M. 2003. “Words, Images, Enemies: Securitisation and International Politics.” International Studies Quarterly 47: 511–531. doi:10.1046/j.0020-8833.2003.00277.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodhead, L. 2009. “The Muslim Veil Controversy and European Values.” Sweedish Missiological Themes 97 (1): 89–105.
   Google Scholar
• Zappavigna, M. 2012. “Discourse of Twitter and Social Media: How We Use Language to Create Affiliation on the Web.” In Digital Edition. London: Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar