References
- Abu al-Ma’ali, M. M. 2012. “Al-Qaeda and its Allies in the Sahel and the Sahara.” Al Jazeera Centre for Studies, April 30. http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2012/04/20124301421966601.html .
- Al-Qaeda. 2017. “Counter Extremism Project.” https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/al-qaeda
- Anderton, C. H., and J. R. Carter. 2005 January 1. “On Rational Choice Theory and the Study of Terrorism.” Defence and Peace Economics 16 (4): 275–282. doi:10.1080/1024269052000344864.
- Baldaro, E. 2018 May 11. “A Dangerous Method: How Mali Lost Control of the North, and Learned to Stop Worrying.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 29 (3): 579–603. doi:10.1080/09592318.2018.1455323.
- “Barkhane en difficulté : Gao et Kidal sous l’emprise des groupes terroristes.” Maliweb ( blog), December 5, 2016. https://www.maliweb.net/la-situation-politique-et-securitaire-au-nord/barkhane-difficulte-gao-kidal-lemprise-groupes-terroristes-1925962.html
- Bencherif, A. 2017 August 10. “From Resilience to Fragmentation: Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and Jihadist Group Modularity.” Terrorism and Political Violence 1–19. doi:10.1080/09546553.2017.1351956.
- Besson, X. 2017. Laurent Bigot : au Sahel, « la France est perçue comme une armée d’occupation ». http://www.rfi.fr/emission/20170513-laurent-bigot-sahel-armee-francaises-hollande-mali
- Betts, R. K. 1998. “Intelligence Warning: Old Problems, New Agendas.” Parameters 28 (1): 26–35. Spring US Army War College Quarterly.
- Browne, R. 2018. “US Warns of Growing African Terror Threat.” CNN, April 19. https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/19/politics/africa-isis-al-qaeda-threat/index.html
- Campbell, J. 2013. “Racism in Mali.” Council on Foreign Relations ( blog). February 5. https://www.cfr.org/blog/racism-mali
- Coulibaly, N. 2018. “Attack on French Embassy, Army in Burkina Faso Kills Eight.” Reuters, March 2. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-burkina-security-blast/explosion-heard-at-burkina-faso-army-headquarters-reuters-witness-idUSKCN1GE1BW
- Cragin, K., and S. A. Daly. 2004. The Dynamic Terrorist Threat: An Assessment of Group Motivations and Capabilities in a Changing World. Monograph Reports. RAND Corporation.
- Cristiani, D. 2017. “Ten Years of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb: Evolution and Prospects.” The Jamestown Foundation, May 5. https://jamestown.org/program/ten-years-al-qaeda-islamic-maghreb-evolution-prospects/
- David, J. E. 2017. “Al Qaeda’s Arm in North Africa Has Made 100 Million Dollars via Ransom, Drug Trade,” December 6. https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/06/al-qaedas-arm-in-north-africa-has-made-100-million-dollars-via-ransom-drug-trade.html
- Dufka, C. 2018. “‘By Day We Fear the Army, by Night the Jihadists’ | Abuses by Armed Islamists and Security Forces in Burkina Faso.” Human Rights Watch, May 21. https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/05/21/day-we-fear-army-night-jihadists/abuses-armed-islamists-and-security-forces
- Galán, S. A. 2018. “Jamā’at Nuṣrat Al-Islām Wa-l-Muslimīn: A Propaganda Analysis of Al-Qaeda’s Project for the Sahel.” Eurasia Review, June 3. https://www.eurasiareview.com/03062018-jamaat-nu%e1%b9%a3rat-al-islam-wa-l-muslimin-a-propaganda-analysis-of-al-qaedas-project-for-the-sahel/
- Global Terrorism Database. 2017. “Codebook.” Global Terrorism Database, March 13. http://start.umd.edu/gtd/downloads/Codebook.pdf
- ICT Jihadi Monitoring Group. 2017. “Summary of Information on Jihadist Websites - April 2017.” Periodic Review. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism, July 17. http://www.ict.org.il/Article/2060/summary-of-information#gsc.tab=0
- ICT Jihadi Monitoring Group. 2018. “Summary of Information on Jihadist Websites: February 2018.” Periodic Review. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism, April 15. file:///C:/Users/zimeg/Downloads/February_2018_English%20(1).pdf
- Ilardi, G. J. 2008 December 9. “Al Qaeda’s Operational Intelligence—A Key Prerequisite to Action.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 31 (12): 1072–1102. doi:10.1080/10576100802508086.
- Investigating Cross-Border Weapon Transfers in the Sahel. London: Conflict Armament Research, November 2016.
- Jamā’ah Nuṣrat Al-Islām Wa-l-Muslimīn. 2017. “Founding Statement.” https://videopress.com/v/EGX2eJSE
- Joscelyn, T. 2017. “Analysis: Al Qaeda Groups Reorganize in West Africa.” FDD’s Long War Journal, March 13. //www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/03/analysis-al-qaeda-groups-reorganize-in-west-africa.php
- Kalberg, S. 1980. “Max Weber’s Types of Rationality: Cornerstones for the Analysis of Rationalization Processes in History.” The American Journal of Sociology 85 (5): 1145–1179. doi:10.1086/227128.
- Laub, Z., and J. Masters. 2015. “Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb.” Council on Foreign Relations, March 27. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-qaeda-islamic-maghreb
- Le Cam, M. 2017. “Burkina Faso : Confessions d’un ancien djihadiste.” Le Monde.fr, December 10. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/12/10/confessions-d-un-djihadiste-du-burkina-vu-ce-que-font-les-forces-de-securite-a-nos-parents-je-ne-regretterai-jamais-leur-mort_5227587_3212.html
- Lyammouri, R. 2016. “Trust versus Belief: Countering Violent Extremism in Mali by Working with Communities.” The Broker, April 25. http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/Articles/Trust-versus-belief
- “Mali: Rising Ethnic Tensions Threaten New Violence.” Human Rights Watch, December 20 2012. https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/12/20/mali-rising-ethnic-tensions-threaten-new-violence
- “Mali: Unchecked Abuses in Military Operations.” Human Rights Watch, September 8, 2017. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/08/mali-unchecked-abuses-military-operations
- “Mali’s Tuareg Fighters End Ceasefire.” Al Jazeera, November 30, 2013. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/11/mali-tuareg-fighters-end-ceasefire-2013113093234673103.html
- Mandaville, P. 2014. Islam and Politics. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
- “MINUSMA Fact Sheet.” United Nations Peace keeping, April 2018. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/minusma
- Nsaibia, H. 2017. “Jihadist Groups In The Sahel Region Formalize Merger.” MENASTREAM ( blog), April 17. http://menastream.com/jihadist-groups-sahel-region-formalize-merger/
- Nsaibia, H., and C. Weiss. 2018 March 29. “Ansaroul Islam and the Growing Terrorist Insurgency in Burkina Faso.” CTC Sentinel. 2 (3): 21–26.
- Porter, G. D. 2011. “AQIM’s Objectives in North Africa.” Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, February 1. https://ctc.usma.edu/aqims-objectives-in-north-africa/
- Quivooij, R. 2017. “Jihad in West African Sahel: Rise of a New Caliphate?” RSIS Commentary, April 3, 3.
- Raineri, L., and A. Martini. 2017 December 17. “ISIS and Al-Qaeda as Strategies and Political Imaginaries in Africa: A Comparison between Boko Haram and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb.” Civil Wars 19 (4): 425–447. doi:10.1080/13698249.2017.1413226.
- Sandor, A. 2017. “Insecurity, the Breakdown of Social Trust, and Armed Actor Governance in Central and Northern Mali.” Chaire Raoul-Dandurand en études stratégiques et diplomatiques: Université du Québec à Montréal, August.
- Schanzer, J. 2005. Al-Qaeda’s Armies: Middle East Affiliate Groups and the Next Generation of Terror. Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
- Schnaubelt, C. M., E. V. Larson, and M. E. Boyer. 2014. Vulnerability Assessment Method Pocket Guide: A Tool for Center of Gravity Analysis. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Arroyo Center.
- “Ségou : Comment les djihadistes de Kouffa ont tué au moins 10 miliciens Dozo ?” Nord Sud Journal, March 24, 2017. https://www.nordsudjournal.com/2017/03/24/segou-comment-les-djihadistes-de-kouffa-ont-tue-au-moins-10-miliciens-dozo/
- “Tuareg Rebels Sign Peace Agreement with Mali Government.” Deutsche Welle, June 18, 2013. http://www.dw.com/en/tuareg-rebels-sign-peace-agreement-with-mali-government/a-16892940
- Vandepeer, C. 2011. “Intelligence Analysis and Threat Assessment: Towards a more Comprehensive Model of Threat.” Australian Security and Intelligence Conference, Edith Cowan University. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.258.1016&rep=rep1&type=pdf
- Waszkewitz, H. 2018. “North Africa-Based Al-Qaeda Affiliate AQIM Remerges as Security Threat.” Frontera ( blog), March 20. https://frontera.net/political-risk/north-africa-based-al-qaeda-affiliate-aqim-remerges-as-security-threat/
- Weiss, C. 2017. “Analysis: Merger of Al Qaeda Groups Threatens Security in West Africa.” FDD’s Long War Journal, March 18. //www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/03/analysis-merger-of-al-qaeda-groups-threatens-security-in-west-africa.php
- Weiss, C. 2018a March 21. “Al Qaeda Group JNIM Releases High-Level Production Video.” FDD’s Long War Journal. //www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/03/al-qaeda-group-jnim-releases-high-level-production-video.php
- Weiss, C. 2018b. “Al Qaeda Maintains Operational Tempo in West Africa in 2017.” FDD’s Long War Journal, January 5. //www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/01/al-qaeda-maintains-operational-tempo-in-west-africa-in-2017.php