Researching race, racialisation, and racism in critical terrorism studies: clarifying conceptual ambiguities

References

• “Aims and Scope”. 2019. “Critical Studies on Terrorism.” Accessed November 25. https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=rter20
   Google Scholar
• Alam, Y., and C. Husband. 2013. “Islamophobia, Community Cohesion and Counter-Terrorism Policies in Britain.” Patterns of Prejudice 47 (3): 235–252. doi:10.1080/0031322x.2013.797779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashcroft, B., G. Griffiths, and H. Tiffin, eds. 1995. The Post-Colonial Studies Reader London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, N. 2015. “Mapping the Muslim Community: The Politics of Counter-Radicalisation in Britain.” In Counter-Radicalisation: Critical Perspectives, edited by C. Baker-Beall, C. Heath-Kelly, and L. Jarvis, 139–155. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Amoore, L., and M. De Goede, eds. 2008. Risk and the War on Terror.. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Anidjar, G. 2007. Semites: Race, Religion, Literature. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Aradau, C., and R. Van Munster. 2016. “Governing Terrorism through Risk: Taking Precautions, (Un)knowing the Future.” European Journal of International Relations 13 (1): 89–115. doi:10.1177/1354066107074290.
   Google Scholar
• Awan, I. 2012. “I Am a Muslim Not an Extremist: How the Prevent Strategy Has Constructed a “Suspect” Community.” Politics & Policy 40 (6): 1158–1185. doi:10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00397.x.
   Google Scholar
• Balibar, É. 2004. We, the People of Europe? Reflections on Transnational Citizenship. Translated by James Swenson. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Balibar, É., and I. Wallerstein. 1991. Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities. Translated by Étienne Balibar and Chris Turner. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Bayoumi, M. 2006. “Racing Religion.” CR: The New Centennial Review 6 (2): 267–293. doi:10.1353/ncr.2007.0000.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, U. 1992. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Blum, L. 2002. ‘I’m Not a Racist, But: The Moral Quandary of Race. London: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bonino, S. 2016. “The British State ‘Security Syndrome’ and Muslim Diversity: Challenges for Liberal Democracy in the Age of Terror.” Contemporary Islam 10 (2): 223–247. doi:10.1007/s11562-016-0356-4.
   Google Scholar
• Breen-Smyth, M. 2013. “Theorising the “Suspect Community”: Counterterrorism, Security Practices and the Public Imagination.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 7 (2): 223–240. doi:10.1080/17539153.2013.867714.
   Google Scholar
• Buzan, B., O. Wæver, and J. de Wilde. 1998. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Choudhury, T. 2017. “The Radicalisation of Citizenship Deprivation.” Critical Social Policy 37 (2): 225–244. doi:10.1177/0261018316684507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clini, C. 2015. “International Terrorism: Indian Popular Cinema and Politics of Terror.” Critical Studies in Terrorism 8 (3): 337–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier, D., and J. Gerring. 2009. “Introduction.” In Concepts and Method in Social Science: The Tradition of Giovanni Sartori, edited by D. Collier and J. Gerring, 1-10. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Coppock, V., and M. Mark. 2014. “‘Dangerous Minds’? Deconstructing Counter-Terrorism Discourse, Radicalisation and the ‘Psychological Vulnerability’ of Muslim Children and Young People in Britain.” Children & Society 28 (3): 242–256. doi:10.1111/chso.12060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, C. E. 2017. “Promoting ‘Fundamental British Values’ in Schools: A Critical Race Perspective.” Curriculum Perspectives 37 (2): 197–204. doi:10.1007/s41297-017-0029-3.
   Google Scholar
• De Goede, M. 2008. “The Politics of Preemption and the War on Terror in Europe.” European Journal of International Relations 14 (1): 161–185. doi:10.1177/1354066107087764.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Koning, M. 2016. “You Need to Present a Counter-Message: The Racialisation of Dutch Muslims and Anti-Islamophobia Initiatives.” Journal of Muslims in Europe 5 (2): 170–189. doi:10.1163/22117954-12341325.
   Google Scholar
• Delatolla, A., and J. Yao. 2018. “Racializing Religion: Constructing Colonial Identities in the Syrian Provinces in the Nineteenth Century.” International Studies Review. 1–22. doi:10.1093/isr/viy060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixit, P. 2014. “Decolonizing Visuality in Security Studies: Reflections in the Death of Osama Bin Laden.” Critical Studies on Security 2 (3): 337–351. doi:10.1080/21624887.2014.978670.
   Google Scholar
• Du Bois, W. E. B. 1969. The Souls of Black Folk. New York: New American Library.
   Google Scholar
• Dunlap, A. 2016. “Counter-Insurgency: Let’s Remember Where Prevention Comes Fom and Its Implications.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 9 (2): 380–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essed, P., and D. T. Goldberg. 2002. Race Critical Theories. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Fanon, F. 1986. Black Skin, White Masks. Translated by Charles Lam Markmann. London: Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fekete, L. 2004. “Anti-Muslim Racism and the European Security State.” Race & Class 46 (1): 3–29. doi:10.1177/030396804045512.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fekete, L. 2009. A Suitable Enemy: Racism, Migration and Islamophobia in Europe. London: Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, G. M. 2002. Racism: A Short History. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gallie, W. B. 1956. “Essentially Contested Concepts.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 56: 167–198.
   Google Scholar
• Garner, S. 2010. Racisms: An Introduction. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Garner, S., and S. Selod. 2015. “The Racialization of Muslims: Empirical Studies of Islamophobia.” Critical Sociology 41 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1177/0896920514531606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garver, E. 1978. “Rhetoric and Essentially Contested Arguments.” Philosophy and Rhetoric 11 (3): 156–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerring, J. 1999. “What Makes A Concept Good? A Criterial Framework for Understanding Concept Formation in the Social Sciences.” Polity 31 (3): 357–393.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerring, J., and D. Christenson. 2017. Applied Social Science Methodology: An Introductory Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Githens-Mazer, J., and R. Lambert. 2010. “Why Conventional Wisdom on Radicalization Fails: The Persistence of a Failed Discourse.” International Affairs 86 (4): 889–901.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goertz, G. 2005. Social Science Concepts: A User’s Guide. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, D. T. 2001. The Racial State. 1 ed ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, D. T. 2006. “Racial Europeanization.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 29 (2): 331–364. doi:10.1080/01419870500465611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, D. T. 2009. The Threat of Race: Reflections on Racial Neoliberalism. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, D. T. 2015. Are We All Postracial Yet? Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, D. T. 2017. “Militarizing Race.” Social Text 34 (4 129): 19–40. doi:10.1215/01642472-3680846.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, S. 1997. Race: The Floating Signifier. Media Education Foundation Film. https://www.mediaed.org/transcripts/Stuart-Hall-Race-the-Floating-Signifier-Transcript.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hall, S., C. Critcher, T. Jefferson, J. Clarke, and B. Roberts, eds. 1978. Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order.. London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Heath-Kelly, C. 2012a. “Counter-Terrorism and the Counterfactual: Producing the ‘Radicalisation’ Discourse and the UK Prevent Strategy.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 15 (3): 394–415. doi:10.1111/j.1467-856X.2011.00489.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath-Kelly, C. 2012b. “Reinventing Prevention or Exposing the Gap? False Positives in UK Terrorism Governance and the Quest for Pre-Emption.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 5 (1): 69–87.
   Google Scholar
• Hempel, C. G. 1952. Fundamentals of Concept Formation in Empirical Science. Vol. II. London: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hickman, M. J. 1998. “Reconstructing Deconstructing ‘Race’: British Political Discourses about the Irish in Britain.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (2): 288–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillyard, P. 1993. Suspect Community: People’s Experience of the Prevention of Terrorism Acts in Britain. London: Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hobson, J. M. 2012. The Eurocentric Conception of World Politics: Western International Theory, 1760–2010. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Howell, A., and M. Richter-Montpetit. 2019. “Is Securitization Theory Racist? Civilizationism, Methodological Whiteness, and Antiblack Thought in the Copenhagen School.” Security Dialogue. 1–20. doi:10.1177/0967010619862921.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain, Y., and P. Bagguley. 2012. “Securitized Citizens: Islamophobia, Racism and the 7/7 London Bombings.” The Sociological Review 60 (4): 715–734. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2012.02130.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innes, A. J., and B. J. Steele. 2015. “Spousal Visa Law and Structural Violence: Fear, Anxiety and Terror of the Everyday.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 2015 (3): 401–415.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, R., M. Breen-Smyth, and J. Gunning. 2009. Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, R., H. Toros, L. Jarvis, and C. Heath-Kelly. 2018. Critical Terrorism Studies at Ten: Contributions, Cases and Future Challenges. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kapoor, N. 2013. “The Advancement of Racial Neoliberalism in Britain.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 36 (6): 1028–1046. doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.629002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, S. J. 2018. “Ethnic Conflict.” In Security Studies: An Introduction, edited by P. D. Williams and M. McDonald, 666–681. London: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Kowalski, J. 2016. “The Politics of Islamophobia: Race, Power and Fantasy, by David Tyrer.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 9 (3): 545–547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kundnani, A. 2014. The Muslims are Coming! Islamophobia, Extremism, and the Domestic War on Terror. New York: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Kundnani, A. 2015. “Radicalisation: The Journey of a Concept.” In Counter-Radicalisation: Critical Perspectives, edited by C. Baker-Beall, C. Heath-Kelly, and L. Jarvis, 14–35. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lauwers, A. S. 2019. “Is Islamophobia (Always) Racism?” Critical Philosophy of Race 7 (2): 329–355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, T. 2018. “Identifying Potential Terrorists: Visuality, Security and the Channel Project.” Security Dialogue 49 (4): 254–271. doi:10.1177/0967010618770070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, L. Z. 2011. “Securing Identities, Resisting Terror: Muslim Youth Work in the UK and Its Implications for Security.” Religion, State and Society 39 (2–3): 177–189. doi:10.1080/09637494.2011.584712.
   Google Scholar
• Medovoi, L. 2012. “Dogma-Line Racism: Islamophobia and the Second Axis of Race.” Social Text 30 (2): 43–74. doi:10.1215/01642472-1541754.
   Google Scholar
• Meer, N. 2013. “Racialization and Religion: Race, Culture and Difference in the Study of Antisemitism and Islamophobia.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 36 (3): 385–398. doi:10.1080/01419870.2013.734392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meer, N., and T. Modood. 2009. “Refutations of Racism in the ‘Muslim Question’.” Patterns of Prejudice 43 (3–4): 335–354. doi:10.1080/00313220903109250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modood, T. 1992. Not Easy Being British: Colour, Culture and Citizenship. London: Trentham Books.
   Google Scholar
• Monaghan, J., and A. Molnar. 2016. “Radicalisation Theories, Policing Practices, and ‘The Future of Terrorism?’.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 9 (3): 393–413. doi:10.1080/17539153.2016.1178485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morsi, Y. 2017. Radical Skin, Moderate Masks: De-Radicalising the Muslim and Racism in Post-Racial Societies. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Murji, K., and J. Solomos. 2015. Theories of Race and Ethnicity: Contemporary Debates and Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mythen, G. 2012. “‘No One Speaks for Us’: Security Policy, Suspected Communities and the Problem of Voice.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 5 (3): 409–424.
   Google Scholar
• Mythen, G., S. Walklate, and E.-J. Peatfield. 2017. “Assembling and Deconstructing Radicalisation in Prevent: A Case of Policy-Based Evidence Making?” Critical Social Policy 37 (2): 180–201. doi:10.1177/0261018316683463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantazis, C., and S. Pemberton. 2009. “From the ‘Old’ to the ‘New’ Suspect Community: Examining the Impacts of Recent UK Counter-Terrorist Legislation.” British Journal of Criminology 49 (5): 646–666. doi:10.1093/bjc/azp031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poynting, S., and V. Mason. 2006. “Tolerance, Freedom, Justice and Peace?: Britain, Australia and Anti-Muslim Racism since 11 September 2001.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 27 (4): 365–391. doi:10.1080/07256860600934973.
   Google Scholar
• Ragazzi, F. 2016. “Countering Terrorism and Radicalisation: Securitising Social Policy?” Critical Social Policy 37 (2): 163–179. doi:10.1177/0261018316683472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rana, J. 2007. “The Story of Islamophobia.” Souls 9 (2): 148–161. doi:10.1080/10999940701382607.
   Google Scholar
• Rana, J. 2011. Terrifying Muslism. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rana, J. 2017. “The Racial Infrastructure of the Terror-Industrial Complex.” Social Text 34 (4 129): 111–138. doi:10.1215/01642472-3680894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razack, S. H. 2008. Casting Out: The Eviction of Muslims from Western Law and Politics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sabir, R. 2017. “Blurred Lines and False Dichotomies: Integrating Counterinsurgency into the UK’s Domestic ‘War on Terror’.” Critical Social Policy 37 (2): 202–224. doi:10.1177/0261018316683471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Said, E. W. 2003. Orientalism. London: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Sartori, G. 1970. “Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics.” The American Political Science Review 64 (1): 1033–1053.
   Google Scholar
• Sartori, G. 1975. Tower of Babel: On the Definition and Analyses of Concepts in the Social Sciences. Pitssburgh: International Studies Association.
   Google Scholar
• Sayyid, S., and A. Vakil. 2008. “Thinking Thru’ Islamophobia: Symposium Papers.” Paper presented at the Thinking Thru’ Islamophobia, Leeds.
   Google Scholar
• Selod, S. 2018. Forever Suspect: Racialized Surveillance of Muslim Americans in the War on Terror. London: Rutger University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, S., and J. Nijjar. 2018. “The Racialized Surveillant Assemblage: Islam and the Fear of Terrorism.” Popular Communication 16 (1): 72–85. doi:10.1080/15405702.2017.1412441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sian, K. 2015. “Spies, Surveillance and Stakeouts: Monitoring Muslim Moves in British State Schools.” Race, Ethnicity and Education 18 (2): 183–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoczylis, J., and S. Andrews. 2019. “A Conceptual Critique of Prevent: Can Prevent Be Saved? No, But.” Critical Social Policy. doi:10.1177/0261018319840145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, C. 2018. “Race and the Logic of Radicalisation under Neoliberalism.” Journal of Sociology 54 (1): 92–107. doi:10.1177/1440783318759093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, H. J. 2016. “Britishness as Racist Nativism: A Case of the Unnamed ‘Other’.” Journal of Education for Teaching 42 (3): 298–313. doi:10.1080/02607476.2016.1184461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speri, A. 2019. “The FBI Spends A Lot of Time Spying on Black Americans.” The Intercept, October 29. https://theintercept.com/2019/10/29/fbi-surveillance-black-activists/
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. D. 2018. “‘Suspect Categories,’ Alienation and Counterterrorism: Critically Assessing PREVENT in the UK.” Terrorism and Political Violence 1–23. doi:10.1080/09546553.2017.1415889.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, P. 2016. “Youth, Terrorism and Education: Britain’s Prevent Programme.” International Journal of Lifelong Education 35 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1080/02601370.2016.1164469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topolski, A. 2018. “The Race-Religion Constellation: A European Contribution to the Critical Philosophy of Race.” Critical Philosophy of Race 6 (1): 58–81. doi:10.5325/critphilrace.6.1.0058.
   Google Scholar
• Toshkov, D. 2016. Research Design in Political Science. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Wæver, O., and B. Buzan. 2020. “Racism and Responsibility: The Critical Limits of Deepfake Methodology in Security Studies: A Reply to Howell and Richter-Montpetit.” Security Dialogue. doi:10.1177/0967010620916153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittgenstein, L. 1953. Philosophical Investigations. Translated by G. E. M. Anscombe. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Zalewski, M. 2013. “Thinking Feminism and Race through the War on Terror.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 6 (2): 313–315.
   Google Scholar