586
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

A framing-sensitive approach to militant groups’ tactics: the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine and the radicalisation of violence during the Second Intifada

Pages 123-145 | Accepted 16 Dec 2022, Published online: 14 Feb 2023

References

  • 2012 The Government Actions in Terror Environments - Israel data project (Gate-Israel) https://www.du.edu/korbel/sie/research/chenow_gate_data.html
  • Abrahms, M., Mierau, J. 2017. ”Leadership Matters: The Effects of Targeted Killings on Militant Group Tactics”. Terrorism and Political Violence 29 (5) : 830–851. doi:10.1080/09546553.2015.1069671.
  • Abrahms, M., B. K. Philip, and Potter. 2015. “Explaining Terrorism: Leadership Deficits and Militant Group Tactics.” International Organization 69 (2): 311–342. doi:10.1017/S0020818314000411.
  • Abu-Amr, Z. 1994. Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
  • Abufarha, N. 2009. The Making of a Human Bomb: An Ethnography of Palestinian Resistance. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Alhaj, W., N. Dot-Pouillard, E. Rebillard, and O. Roy. 2014. De la théologie à la libération? – Histoire du Jihad islamique palestinien. Paris: La Decouverte.
  • Alimi, E. Y., L. Bosi, and C. Demetriou. 2015. The Dynamics of Radicalization: A Relational and Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Allen, L. 2008. “Getting by the Occupation: How Violence Became Normal during the Second Palestinian Intifada.” Cultural Anthropology 23 (3): 453–487. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1360.2008.00015.x.
  • Allen, L. 2009a. “Martyr Bodies in the Media: Human Rights, Aesthetics, and the Politics of Immediation in the Palestinian Intifada.” American Ethnologist 36 (1): 161–180. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2008.01100.x.
  • Allen, L. 2009b. “Mothers of Martyrs and Suicide Bombers: The Gender of Ethical Discourse in the Second Palestinian Intifada.” The Arab Studies Journal 17 (1): 32–61.
  • Al-Quds Brigades, 2/4/2001. “Bayānun ‘ascarī ṣādr ‘an al-Sarāyyā al-Quds [A military statement issued by the al-Quds Brigades].”
  • Al-Quds Brigades, 29/03/2002. “Bayānun ‘ascarī ṣādr ‘an al-Sarāyyā al-Quds [A military statement issued by the al-Quds Brigades].”
  • Al-Quds Brigades, 30/11/2001. “Bayānun ‘ascarī ṣādr ‘an al-Sarāyyā al-Quds [A military statement issued by the al-Quds Brigades].”
  • Al-Quds Brigades, 4/10/2002. “Bayānun ‘ascarī ṣādr ‘an al-Sarāyyā al-Quds [A military statement issued by the al-Quds Brigades].”
  • Araj, B. 2008. “Harsh State Repression as a Cause of Suicide Bombing: The Case of the Palestinian–Israeli Conflict.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 31 (4): 284–303. doi:10.1080/10576100801925273.
  • Bayat, A. 2005. “Islamism and Social Movement Theory.” Third World Quarterly 26 (6): 891–908. doi:10.1080/01436590500089240.
  • Benford, R. D. 2013. “Master Frame Snow, D. A, della Porta, D., McAdam, D., Klandermans, B. eds. .” In The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements. St Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell 1–2. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470674871. doi:10.1002/9780470674871.
  • Blee, K., and M. Amy. 2012. “Social Movement Audiences.” Sociological Forum 27 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2011.01299.x.
  • Bloom, M. 2006. “Dying to Kill: Motivations for Suicide Terrorism.” In Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom, edited by A. Pedahzur. Abingdon: Routledge 25–53.
  • Bosi, L. 2006. “The Dynamics of Social Movement Development: Northern Ireland’s Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.” Mobilization: An International Journal 11 (1): 81–100. doi:10.17813/maiq.11.1.9658501u00023453.
  • Bosi, L., N. Ó. Dochartaigh, and D. Pisoiu. 2015. Political Violence in Context: Time, Space and Milieu. Colchester: ECPR Press.
  • Brym, R. J. Araj, B. 2006 ”Suicide Bombing as Strategy and Interaction: The Case of the Second Intifada” Social Forces. 84 (4): 1969–86.
  • Brym, R. J., and B. Araj. 2008. “Palestinian Suicide Bombing Revisited: A Critique of the Outbidding Thesis.” Political Science Quarterly 123 (3): 485–500.
  • B’Tselem. 2000 ”Illusions of Restraint: Human Rights Violations During the Events in the Occupied Territories, September 29 - December 2, 2000” . “.” https://www.btselem.org/publications/summaries/200012_illusions_of_restraint
  • Caiani, M., and D. della Porta. 2011. “The Elitist Populism of the Extreme Right: A Frame Analysis of Extreme Right-Wing Discourses in Italy and Germany.” Acta Politica 46 (2): 180–202. doi:10.1057/ap.2010.28.
  • Carmin, J., and B. Deborah. 2002. “Selecting Repertoires of Action in Environmental Movement Organizations: An Interpretive Approach.” Organization & Environment 15 (4): 365–388. doi:10.1177/1086026602238167.
  • Crenshaw, M. 1981. “The Causes of Terrorism.” Comparative Politics 13 (4): 379–399. doi:10.2307/421717.
  • della Porta, D. 1995. Social Movements, Political Violence, and the State: A Comparative Analysis of Italy and Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • della Porta, D. 2013. Clandestine Political Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • della Porta, D., and G. LaFree. 2012. “Guest Editorial: Processes of Radicalization and De-Radicalization.” International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV) 6 (1): 4–10.
  • Dot‐Pouillard, N., and R. Eugénie. 2013. “The Intellectual, the Militant, the Prisoner and the Partisan: The Genesis of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (1974–1988).” The Muslim World 103 (1): 161–180. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2012.01415.x.
  • Earl, J. 2019. “Symposium on Political Communication and Social Movements: Audience, Persuasion, and Influence.” Information, Communication & Society 22 (5): 754–766.
  • Esposito, M. 2005. “The Al-Aqsa Intifada: Military Operations, Suicide Attacks, Assassinations, and Losses in the First Four Years.” Journal of Palestine Studies 34 (2): 85–122. doi:10.1525/jps.2005.34.2.085.
  • Gamson, W. A. 1992. “Commitment and Agency in Social Movements.” Sociological Forum 6 (1): 27–50. doi:10.1007/BF01112726.
  • Gamson, W. A., B. Fireman, and S. Rytina. 1982. Encounters with Unjust Authority. Belmont, CA: Dorsey Press.
  • Gil, I. 2019. “Le Mouvement Jihad Islamique Palestinien: Une Faction Islamo-Nationaliste Révolutionnaire.” Les clés du Moyen-Orient. https://www.lesclesdumoyenorient.com/Le-Mouvement-Jihad-Islamique-Palestinien-une-faction-islamo-nationaliste.html
  • Goffman, E. 1974. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Goldstein, R. J. 2013. Political Repression in 19th Century Europe. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Goodwin, J., and J. M. Jasper. 1999. “Caught in a Winding, Snarling Vine: The Structural Bias of Political Process Theory.” Sociological Forum 14 (1): 27–54. doi:10.1023/A:1021684610881.
  • Gunning, J. 2007. “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies? 1.” Government and Opposition 42 (3): 363–393. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00228.x.
  • Gunning, Jeroen. 2009. Hamas in Politics: Democracy, Religion, Violence. London: Hurst & Company.
  • Hafez, M. 2006. “The Symbolic Dimension of Suicide Terrorism.” In Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism, edited by A. Pedahzur. London: Routledge 54–80.
  • Hafez, M. 2006b. “Rationality, Culture, and Structure in the Making of Suicide Bombers: A Preliminary Theoretical Synthesis and Illustrative Case Study.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 29 (2): 165–185. doi:10.1080/10576100500496964.
  • Hafez, M. M., and J. M. Hatfield. 2006. “Do Targeted Assassinations Work? A Multivariate Analysis of Israel’s Controversial Tactic during Al-Aqsa Uprising 1.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 29 (4): 359–382. doi:10.1080/10576100600641972.
  • Hamamra, B. T. 2018. “Witness and Martyrdom: Palestinian Female Martyrs’ VideoTestimonies.” Journal for Cultural Research 22 (3): 224–238. doi:10.1080/14797585.2018.1511941.
  • Hammami, R., and S. Tamari. 2001. “The Second Uprising: End or New Beginning?” Journal of Palestine Studies 30 (2): 5–25. doi:10.1525/jps.2001.30.2.5.
  • Hatina, M. 2001. Islam and Salvation in Palestine: The Islamic Jihad Movement. Tel Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies.
  • Holland, J., and L. Jarvis. 2014. ““Night Fell on a Different World”: Experiencing, Constructing and Remembering 9/11.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 7 (2): 187–204. doi:10.1080/17539153.2014.886396.
  • Hutter, S. 2014. “Protest Event Analysis and Its Offspring.” In Methodological Practices in Social Movement Research, edited by P. Donatella Della, 335–367. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine. www.jihad.ps
  • The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine.No longer accessible. www.qudstheway.com
  • Jaeger, D. A., and M. Daniele Paserman. 2008. “The Cycle of Violence? an Empirical Analysis of Fatalities in the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict.” The American Economic Review 98 (4): 1591–1604. doi:10.1257/aer.98.4.1591.
  • Jasper, J. 2004. “A Strategic Approach to Collective Action: Looking for Agency in Social-Movement Choices.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 9 (1): 1–16. doi:10.17813/maiq.9.1.m112677546p63361.
  • Jasper, J. 2014. “Feeling-Thinking: Emotions as Central to Culture.” In Conceptualizing Culture in Social Movement Research, edited by B. Baumgarten, P. Daphi, and P. Ullrich, 23–44. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Jasper, J. 2017. “The Doors that Culture Opened: Parallels between Social Movement Studies and Social Psychology.” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 20 (3): 285–302. doi:10.1177/1368430216686405.
  • Jaster, D., and M. P. Young. 2019. “Our Actions Define Who We Are: Pragmatic Praxis and Tactical Tastes.” Social Movement Studies 18 (4): 499–518. doi:10.1080/14742837.2019.1573363.
  • Journal of Palestinian Studies, ”Palestinian Chronology” https://oldwebsite.palestine-studies.org/jps/chronologies
  • Karagiannis, E. 2009. “Hizballah as A Social Movement Organization: A Framing Approach.” Mediterranean Politics 14 (3): 365–383. doi:10.1080/13629390903346863.
  • Kelle, U. 2001. “Sociological Explanations between Micro and Macro and the Integration of Qualitative and Quantitative Methods.” Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung 2: 1.
  • Khalili, L. 2007. Heroes and Martyrs of Palestine: The Politics of National Commemoration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Khawaja, M. 1993. “Repression and Popular Collective Action: Evidence from the West Bank.” Sociological Forum 8 (1): 47–71. doi:10.1007/BF01112330.
  • Klandermans, B. 1992. “The Social Construction of Protest and Multiorganizational Fields.” In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, edited by A. D. Morris and C. M. Mueller, 77–103. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Kurtz, L. R., and L. A. Smithey, eds. 2018. The Paradox of Repression and Nonviolent Movements. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
  • Lawrence, A. 2013. “Repression and Activism among the Arab Spring’s First Movers: Morocco’s (Almost) Revolutionaries.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2299323. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.
  • Legrain, J.-F. 1988. “Les islamistes palestiniens à l’épreuve du soulèvement’ in Maghreb-Mashrek.” La documentation française 121: 8.
  • Legrain, J.-F. 1990. “The Islamic Movement and the Intifada.” In Intifada. Palestine at the Crossroads, edited by R. Jamal and N. E. Roger Heacock, 175–189. New York, NY: Praeger.
  • Litvak, M. 2003. “The Palestine Islamic Jihad – Background Information Intenrational Institute for Counter-Terrorism .” https://www.ict.org.il/Article.aspx?ID=856#gsc.tab=0
  • Milton-Edwards, B. 1996. Islamic Politics in Palestine. London: I.B. Tauris.
  • Moghadam, A. 2003. “Palestinian Suicide Terrorism in the Second Intifada: Motivations and Organizational Aspects.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 26 (2): 65–92. doi:10.1080/10576100390145215.
  • Mosca, L. 2014. “Methodological Practices in Social Movement Online Research.” In Methodological Practices in Social Movement Research, edited by D. della Porta, 397–417. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Muller, E. N., and E. Weede. 1990. “Cross-National Variation in Political Violence: A Rational Action Approach.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 34 (4): 624–651. doi:10.1177/0022002790034004003.
  • Neumann, P. R. 2013. “The Trouble with Radicalization.” International Affairs 89 (4): 873–893. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12049.
  • Nilsson, M. 2020. “Hezbollah and the Framing of Resistance.” Third World Quarterly 41 (9): 1595–1614. doi:10.1080/01436597.2020.1779587.
  • Norman, J. M. 2015. ““We Do Not Work for Peace”: Reframing Nonviolence in Post-Oslo Palestine.” In Civil Resistance, edited by K. Schock, 35–58. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Olzak, S., and S. C. Noah Uhrig. 2001. “The Ecology of Tactical Overlap.” American Sociological Review 66 (5): 694–717. doi:10.2307/3088954.
  • Palestine National Council. 1988. “Palestinian Declaration of Independence.” https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/plocov.asp
  • Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR). 2001. “Assassination of Palestinians … An Israeli Official Policy Report on Extra-Judicial killings Committed by the Israeli Occupation Forces.” April 2001. http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/Reports/English/pdf_killing/killing%20report1.pdf
  • Pearlman, W. 2011. Violence, Nonviolence, and the Palestinian National Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pearlman, W. 2012. “Precluding Nonviolence, Propelling Violence: The Effect of Internal Fragmentation on Movement Protest.” Studies in Comparative International Development 47 (1): 23–46. doi:10.1007/s12116-012-9099-2.
  • Pedahzur, A., and A. Perliger. 2006. “The Changing Nature of Suicide Attacks: A Social Network Perspective.” Social Forces 84 (4): 1987–2008. doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0104.
  • Peter, R. B., and T. Sandler. 2005. “The Political Economy of Transnational Terrorism.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (2): 171–182. doi:10.1177/0022002704272834.
  • Robinson, G. E. 2004. “Hamas as Social Movement.” In Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach, edited by Q. Wiktorowicz. Bloomington: Indiana University Press 112–142.
  • Sanchez Salgado, R. 2018. “The Advocacy of Feelings: Emotions in EU-Based Civil Society Organizations’ Strategies.” Politics and Governance 6 (4): 103–114. doi:10.17645/pag.v6i4.1505.
  • Saraya al-Quds: The Military Wing of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine. https://saraya.ps/
  • Schmid, A. P. 2004. “Frameworks For Conceptualising Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 16 (2): 197–221. doi:10.1080/09546550490483134.
  • Singh, R. 2013. Hamas and Suicide Terrorism: Multi-Causal and Multi-Level Approaches. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Skare, E. 2021. A History of Palestinian Islamic Jihad: Faith, Awareness, and Revolution in the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Snow, D. A., Benford, R. D. 2005 Clarifying the relationship between framing and ideology Johnston, H., Noakes, J. A. eds. Frames of Protest: Social Movements and the Framing Perspective (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publisher) 205–212
  • Snow, D. A., E. Burke Rochford, S. K. Worden, and R. D. Benford. 1986. “Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation.” American Sociological Review 51 (4): 464–481. doi:10.2307/2095581.
  • Snow, D., and S. Byrd. 2007. “Ideology, Framing Processes, and Islamic Terrorist Movements.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 12 (2): 119–136. doi:10.17813/maiq.12.2.5717148712w21410.
  • Snow, D., and B. Robert. 1992. “Master Frames and Cycle of Protests.” In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, edited by A. D. Morris and M. Carol Mcclurg. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 133–55.
  • Tarrow, S. 2011. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Taylor, V., and N. Van Dyke. 2004. “‘Get Up, Stand Up’: Tactical Repertoires of Social Movements.” In The Black Companion of Social Movements, edited by D. A. Snow, S. A. Soule, and H. Kriesi. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing 262–293.
  • The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (PIJ), 21/02/2001. “Bayān li ‘an Ḥarakat al-Jihād al-Islāmi fi Filistīn ḥawla ʾi’lān wa tāʾkīd masʾūliyyat “al-Sarāyyā al-Quds” [Statement by the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine about the declaration and confirmation of responsibility of “Al-Quds Brigades”].”
  • The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (PIJ), 22/10/2000. “Bayān ṣādr “an Ḥarakat al-Jihād al-Islāmi fi Filistīn: al-qama al-”arabyya fashil dhari’an [Statement by the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine: the Arab Summit failed miserably].”
  • The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (PIJ), 27/03/2001. “Bayān al-Sarāyyā al-Quds ḥawla tanfīdh al-’amaliyya al’istishhādiyya [Statement by the Al-Quds Brigades about the implementation of the martyrdom operation in Jerusalem]”
  • The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (PIJ), 28/09/2000. “Bayānun ḥawla majzra al- ʾAqṣa’ al-jadīda [A statement about the new massacre of al-Aqsa].”
  • The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (PIJ), 9/11/2000. “Bayān raqm (9) ṣādr ‘an Ḥarakat al-Jihād al-Islāmi fi Filistīn [Statement no. 9 issued by the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine].”
  • The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (PIJ), 15/10/2000. “Bayān raqm (6) ṣādr ‘an Ḥarakat al-Jihād al-Islāmi fi Filistīn [Statement no. 6 issued by the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine].”
  • The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (PIJ), 22/04/2001. “Jazīda al-Wasaṭ/muqābala ma’a ad-duktūr Ramaḍān ‘abd allah Shallaḥ [<i>al-Wasat</i> newspaper/interview with Dr Ramaḍān ‘abd allah Shallaḥ].”
  • The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (PIJ), 23/12/2002. “ad-duktūr Ramaḍān ‘abd allah Shallaḥ: sanawāṣl al-muqāwamat bi-kull al-wasā ʾl [Dr Ramaḍān ‘abd allah Shallaḥ: We will continue the resistance by all means].”
  • The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (PIJ), 7–11/1/2003. “muqābala ma’a Al-Hayāt: Ramaḍān ‘abd allah Shallaḥ [Interview with Al-Hayāt: Ramaḍān ‘abd allah Shallaḥ].”
  • Tilly, C. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Tilly, C., and S. Tarrow. 2001. Contentious Politics. Oxford: OUP.
  • Toros, H. 2017. ““9/11 Is Alive and Well” or How Critical Terrorism Studies Has Sustained the 9/11 Narrative.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 10 (2): 2. doi:10.1080/17539153.2017.1337326.
  • Wang, D., A. Piazza, and S. A. Soule. 2018. “Boundary-Spanning in Social Movements: Antecedents and Outcomes.” Annual Review of Sociology 44 (1): 21–23. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041258.
  • Way Back Machine. 2014 https://web.archive.org/
  • Weede, E., and E. N. Muller. 1998. “Rebellion, Violence and Revolution: A Rational Choice Perspective.” Journal of Peace Research 35 (1): 43–59. doi:10.1177/0022343398035001004.
  • Whitehead, N. L., and N. Abufarha. 2008. “Suicide, Violence, and Cultural Conceptions of Martyrdom in Palestine.” Social Research 75 (2): 395–416. doi:10.1353/sor.2008.0052.
  • Wiktorowicz, Q. 2002. Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.