Waist circumference does not predict insulin resistance in African American schizophrenia patients

References

• Abbasi , F. , Brown , B.W. Jr , Lamendola , C. , Mclaughlin , T. and Reaven , G.M. 2002 . Relationship between obesity, insulin resistance, and coronary heart disease risk . Journal of the American College of Cardiology , 40 : 937 – 943 .
   Google Scholar
• Alberti , K.G. , Zimmet , P. and Shaw , J. 2006 . Metabolic syndrome: A new world-wide definition. A consensus statement from the International Diabetes Federation . Diabetic Medicine , 23 : 469 – 480 .
   Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, North American Association for the Study of Obesity . 2004 . Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes . Diabetes Care , 27 , 596 – 601 .
   Google Scholar
• Ardern , C.I. , Katzmarzyk , P.T. , Janssen , I. and Ross , R. 2003 . Discrimination of health risk by combined body mass index and waist circumference . Obesity Research , 11 : 135 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Auquier , P. , Lancon , C. , Rouillon , F. , Lader , M. and Holmes , C. 2006 . Mortality in schizophrenia . Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safety , 15 : 873 – 879 .
   Google Scholar
• Balkau , B. and Charles , M.A. 1999 . Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR) . Diabetic Medicine , 16 : 442 – 443 .
   Google Scholar
• Barcelo , A. , Gregg , E.W. , Pastor-Valero , M. and Robles , S.C. 2007 . Waist circumference, BMI and the prevalence of self-reported diabetes among the elderly of the United States and six cities of Latin America and the Caribbean . Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice , 78 ( 3 ) : 418 – 427 .
   Google Scholar
• Bolen , J.C. , Rhodes , L. , Powell-Griner , E.E. , Bland , S.D. and Holtzman , D. 2000 . State-specific prevalence of selected health behaviors, by race and ethnicity: Behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 1997 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, CDC Surveillance Summaries/Centers for Disease Control , 49 : 1 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Bresnahan , M. , Begg , M.D. , Brown , A. , Schaefer , C. , Sohler , N. Insel , B. 2007 . Race and risk of schizophrenia in a US birth cohort: Another example of health disparity? . International Journal of Epidemiology , 36 ( 4 ) : 751 – 758 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , S. 1997 . Excess mortality of schizophrenia. A meta-analysis . British Journal of Psychiatry , 171 : 502 – 508 .
   Google Scholar
• Brunzell , J.D. , & Hokanson , J.E. 1999 . Dyslipidemia of central obesity and insulin resistance . Diabetes Care , 22 ( Suppl. 3 ), C10 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Casey , D.E. , Haupt , D.W. , Newcomer , J.W. , Henderson , D.C. , Sernyak , M.J. , Davidson , M. , et al. 2004 . Antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic abnormalities: Implications for increased mortality in patients with schizophrenia . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 65 ( Suppl. 7 ), 4 – 18 ; quiz 19–20 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , H.J. and Pan , W.H. 2007 . Probable blind spot in the International Diabetes Federation definition of metabolic syndrome . Obesity (Silver Spring) , 15 : 1096 – 1100 .
   Google Scholar
• Conway , J.M. , Chanetsa , F.F. and Wang , P. 1997 . Intraabdominal adipose tissue and anthropometric surrogates in African American women with upper- and lower-body obesity . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 66 : 1345 – 1351 .
   Google Scholar
• Correll , C.U. , Frederickson , A.M. , Kane , J.M. and Manu , P. 2006 . Metabolic syndrome and the risk of coronary heart disease in 367 patients treated with second-generation antipsychotic drugs . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 67 : 575 – 583 .
   Google Scholar
• Despres , J.P. and Lemieux , I. 2006 . Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome . Nature , 444 : 881 – 887 .
   Google Scholar
• Dixon , L. , Weiden , P. , Delahanty , J. , Goldberg , R. , Postrado , L. Lucksted , A. 2000 . Prevalence and correlates of diabetes in national schizophrenia samples . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 26 : 903 – 912 .
   Google Scholar
• Dobbelsteyn , C.J. , Joffres , M.R. , Maclean , D.R. and Flowerdew , G. 2001 . A comparative evaluation of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index as indicators of cardiovascular risk factors. The Canadian Heart Health Surveys . International Journal of Obesity Related Metabolic Disorders , 25 : 652 – 661 .
   Google Scholar
• Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults . 2001 . Executive summary of the third report of The National Cholesterol Education Program expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) . Journal of the American Medical Association , 285 , 2486 – 2497 .
   Google Scholar
• Fox , C.S. , Massaro , J.M. , Hoffmann , U. , Pou , K.M. , Maurovich-Horvat , P. Liu , C.Y. 2007 . Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: Association with metabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study . Circulation , 116 : 39 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Giannini , E. , & Testa , R. 2003 . The metabolic syndrome: All criteria are equal, but some criteria are more equal than others . Archives of Internal Medicine , 163 , 2787 – 2788 ; author reply 2788 .
   Google Scholar
• Goff , D.C. , Sullivan , L.M. , Mcevoy , J.P. , Meyer , J.M. , Nasrallah , H.A. Daumit , G. 2005 . A comparison of ten-year cardiac risk estimates in schizophrenia patients from the CATIE study and matched controls . Schizophrenia Research , 80 : 45 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodpaster , B.H. , Krishnaswami , S. , Harris , T.B. , Katsiaras , A. , Kritchevsky , S.B. Simonsick , E.M. 2005 . Obesity, regional body fat distribution and the metabolic syndrome in older men and women . Archives of Internal Medicine , 165 : 777 – 783 .
   Google Scholar
• Haffner , S.M. , D'agostino , R. , Saad , M.F. , Rewers , M. , Mykkanen , L. Selby , J. 1996 . Increased insulin resistance and insulin secretion in non-diabetic African-Americans and Hispanics compared with non-Hispanic whites. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study . Diabetes , 45 : 742 – 748 .
   Google Scholar
• Hayashi , T. , Boyko , E.J. , Mcneely , M.J. , Leonetti , D.L. , Kahn , S.E. and Fujimoto , W.Y. 2007 . Minimum waist and visceral fat values for identifying Japanese Americans at risk for the metabolic syndrome . Diabetes Care , 30 : 120 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , D.C. 2002 . Atypical antipsychotic-induced diabetes mellitus: How strong is the evidence? . CNS Drugs , 16 : 77 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , D.C. , Cagliero , E. , Copeland , P.M. , Borba , C.P. , Evins , E. Hayden , D. 2005a . Glucose metabolism in patients with schizophrenia treated with atypical antipsychotic agents: A frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and minimal model analysis . Archives of General Psychiatry , 62 : 19 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , D.C. , Cagliero , E. , Gray , C. , Nasrallah , R.A. , Hayden , D.L. Schoenfeld , D.A. 2000 . Clozapine, diabetes mellitus, weight gain and lipid abnormalities: A five-year naturalistic study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 157 : 975 – 981 .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , D.C. , Nguyen , D.D. , Copeland , P.M. , Hayden , D.L. , Borba , C.P. Louie , P.M. 2005b . Clozapine, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular risks and mortality: Results of a 10-year naturalistic study . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 66 : 1116 – 1121 .
   Google Scholar
• Hertz , R.P. , Unger , A.N. , Cornell , J.A. and Saunders , E. 2005 . Racial disparities in hypertension prevalence, awareness, and management . Archives of Internal Medicine , 165 : 2098 – 2104 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , D.J. , Wang , Z. , Gallagher , D. and Heymsfield , S.B. 2005 . Comparison of visceral adipose tissue mass in adult African Americans and whites . Obesity Research , 13 : 66 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Janssen , I. , Katzmarzyk , P.T. and Ross , R. 2002 . Body mass index, waist circumference, and health risk: Evidence in support of current National Institutes of Health guidelines . Archives of Internal Medicine , 162 : 2074 – 2079 .
   Google Scholar
• Jin , H. , Meyer , J.M. and Jeste , D.V. 2004 . Atypical antipsychotics and glucose dysregulation: A systematic review . Schizophrenia Research , 71 : 195 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Katzmarzyk , P.T. , Janssen , I. , Ross , R. , Church , T.S. and Blair , S.N. 2006 . The importance of waist circumference in the definition of metabolic syndrome: Prospective analyses of mortality in men . Diabetes Care , 29 : 404 – 409 .
   Google Scholar
• Kissebah , A.H. , Vydelingum , N. , Murray , R. , Evans , D.J. , Hartz , A.J. Kalkhoff , R.K. 1982 . Relation of body fat distribution to metabolic complications of obesity . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 54 : 254 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Kurian , A.K. and Cardarelli , K.M. 2007 . Racial and ethnic differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors: A systematic review . Ethnicity & Disease , 17 : 143 – 152 .
   Google Scholar
• Lara-Castro , C. , Weinsier , R.L. , Hunter , G.R. and Desmond , R. 2002 . Visceral adipose tissue in women: Longitudinal study of the effects of fat gain, time and race . Obesity Research , 10 : 868 – 874 .
   Google Scholar
• Mackin , P. , Bishop , D. , Watkinson , H. , Gallagher , P. and Ferrier , I.N. 2007 . Metabolic disease and cardiovascular risk in people treated with antipsychotics in the community . British Journal of Psychiatry , 191 : 23 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Mcevoy , J.P. , Meyer , J.M. , Goff , D.C. , Nasrallah , H.A. , Davis , S.M. Sullivan , L. 2005 . Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: Baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES III . Schizophrenia Research , 80 : 19 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• McNamara , J.R. and Schaefer , E.J. 1987 . Automated enzymatic standardized lipid analyses for plasma and lipoprotein fractions . Clinica Chimica Acta , 166 : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Meis , S.B. , Schuster , D. , Gaillard , T. and Osei , K. 2006 . Metabolic syndrome in nondiabetic, obese, first-degree relatives of African American patients with type 2 diabetes: African American triglycerides-HDL-C and insulin resistance paradox . Ethnicity & Disease , 16 : 830 – 836 .
   Google Scholar
• Misra , K.B. , Endemann , S.W. and Ayer , M. 2006 . Measures of obesity and metabolic syndrome in Indian Americans in northern California . Ethnicity & Disease , 16 : 331 – 337 .
   Google Scholar
• Newcomer , J.W. 2007 . Metabolic considerations in the use of antipsychotic medications: A review of recent evidence . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 68 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 20 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Newcomer , J.W. and Haupt , D.W. 2006 . The metabolic effects of antipsychotic medications . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 51 : 480 – 491 .
   Google Scholar
• Newcomer , J.W. , Haupt , D.W. , Fucetola , R. , Melson , A.K. Schweiger , J.A. 2002 . Abnormalities in glucose regulation during antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia . Archives of General Psychiatry , 59 : 337 – 345 .
   Google Scholar
• Okosun , I.S. , Tedders , S.H. , Choi , S. and Dever , G.E. 2000 . Abdominal adiposity values associated with established body mass indexes in white, black and hispanic Americans. A study from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey . International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders , 24 : 1279 – 1285 .
   Google Scholar
• Reaven , G.M. , Lithell , H. and Landsberg , L. 1996 . Hypertension and associated metabolic abnormalities: The role of insulin resistance and the sympathoadrenal system . New England Journal of Medicine , 334 : 374 – 381 .
   Google Scholar
• Shen , W. , Punyanitya , M. , Chen , J. , Gallagher , D. , Albu , J. Pi-Sunyer , X. 2006 . Waist circumference correlates with metabolic syndrome indicators better than percentage fat . Obesity (Silver Spring) , 14 : 727 – 736 .
   Google Scholar
• Sierra-Johnson , J. , Johnson , B. D. , Allison , T.G. , Bailey , K.R. , Schwartz , G.L. and Turner , S.T. 2006 . Correspondence between the adult treatment panel III criteria for metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance . Diabetes Care , 29 : 668 – 672 .
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer , R.L. , Williams , J.B. , Gibbon , M. and First , M.B. 1992 . The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). I: History, rationale and description . Archives of General Psychiatry , 49 : 624 – 629 .
   Google Scholar
• Sumner , A.E. , Finley , K.B. , Genovese , D.J. , Criqui , M.H. and Boston , R.C. 2005 . Fasting triglyceride and the triglyceride-HDL cholesterol ratio are not markers of insulin resistance in African Americans . Archives of Internal Medicine , 165 : 1395 – 1400 .
   Google Scholar
• Suvisaari , J.M. , Saarni , S.I. , Perala , J. , Suvisaari , J.V. , Harkanen , T. Lonnqvist , J. 2007 . Metabolic syndrome among persons with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in a general population survey . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 68 : 1045 – 1055 .
   Google Scholar
• Wei , M. , Gaskill , S.P. , Haffner , S.M. and Stern , M.P. 1997 . Waist circumference as the best predictor of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) compared to body mass index, waist/hip ratio and other anthropometric measurements in Mexican Americans: A 7-year prospective study . Obesity Research , 5 : 16 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhu , S. , Heymsfield , S.B. , Toyoshima , H. , Wang , Z. , Pietrobelli , A. and Heshka , S. 2005 . Raceethnicity-specific waist circumference cutoffs for identifying cardiovascular disease risk factors . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 81 : 409 – 415 .
   Google Scholar