218
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire-Community Version Brief

ORCID Icon, , , &
Pages 498-512 | Received 28 Jul 2017, Accepted 31 Jan 2018, Published online: 22 Feb 2018

References

  • Arellano-Morales, L., Roesch, S. C., Gallo, L. C., Emory, K. T., Molina, K. M., Gonzalez, P., … Brondolo, E. (2015). Prevalence and correlates of perceived ethnic discrimination in the Hispanic community health study/study of latinos sociocultural ancillary study. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 3(3), 160–176. http://doi.org/10.1037/lat0000040
  • Atkins, R. (2014). Instruments measuring perceived racism/racial discrimination: Review and critique of factor analytic techniques. International Journal of Health Services, 44(4), 711–734. doi:http://doi.org/10.2190/HS.44.4.c
  • Bastos, J. L., Celeste, R. K., Faerstein, E., & Barros, A. D. (2010). Racial discrimination and health: A systematic review of scales with a focus on their psychometric properties. Social Science & Medicine, 70(7), 1091–1099. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.12.020
  • Broman, C. L. (1997). Race-related factors and life satisfaction among African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 23(1), 36–49. doi: 10.1177/00957984970231004
  • Brondolo, E., Beatty, D. L., Cubbin, C., Pencille, M., Saegert, S., Wellington, R., … Schwartz, J. (2009). Sociodemographic variations in self-reported racism in a community sample of Blacks and Latino (a) s. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(2), 407–429. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00444.x
  • Brondolo, E., Kelly, K. P., Coakley, V., Gordon, T., Thompson, S., Levy, E., … Contrada, R. J. (2005). The perceived ethnic discrimination questionnaire: Development and preliminary validation of a community version. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(2), 335–365. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02124.x
  • Brondolo, E., Rahim, R., Grimaldi, S., Ashraf, A., Bui, N., & Schwartz, J. (2015). Place of birth effects on self-reported discrimination: Variations by type of discrimination. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 49, 212–222. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.10.001
  • Burnham, K. P., & Anderson, D. R. (2004). Multimodel inference: Understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociological Methods & Research, 33(2), 261–304. doi: 10.1177/0049124104268644
  • Carter, R. T. (2007). Racism and psychological and emotional injury: Recognizing and assessing race-based traumatic stress. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(1), 13–105. doi: 10.1177/0011000006292033
  • Cassidy, C. O., O’Connor, R. C., Howe, C., & Warden, D. (2004). Perceived discrimination and psychological distress: The role of personal and ethnic self-esteem. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 329–339. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.51.3.329
  • Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. doi: 10.1080/10705510701301834
  • Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. doi: 10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
  • Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Contrada, R. J., Ashmore, R. D., Gary, M. L., Coups, E., Egeth, J. D., Sewell, A., … Chasse, V. (2001). Measures of ethnicity-related stress: Psychometric properties, ethnic group differences, and associations with well-being. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(9), 1775–1820. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00205.x
  • Devos, T., & Ma, D. S. (2008). Is Kate Winslet more American than Lucy Liu? The impact of construal processes on the implicit ascription of a national identity. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(2), 191–215. doi: 10.1348/014466607X224521
  • Enders, C. K. (2010). Applied missing data analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
  • Feagin, J. R. (2013). Systemic racism: A theory of oppression. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Forrest-Bank, S., Jenson, J. M., & Trecartin, S. (2015). The revised 28-item racial and ethnic microaggressions scale (R28REMS): Examining the factorial structure for Black, Latino/Hispanic, and Asian young adults. Journal of Social Service Research, 41(3), 326–344. doi: 10.1080/01488376.2014.987944
  • Ghaffari, A., & Çiftçi, A. (2010). Religiosity and self-esteem of Muslim immigrants to the United States: The moderating role of perceived discrimination. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 20(1), 14–25. doi: 10.1080/10508610903418038
  • Giamo, L. S., Schmitt, M. T., & Robert Outten, H. (2012). Perceived discrimination, group identification, and life satisfaction among multiracial people: A test of the rejection-identification model. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(4), 319–328. doi: 10.1037/a0029729
  • Goff, P. A., & Kahn, K. B. (2013). How psychological science impedes intersectional thinking. Du Bois Review, 10, 365–384. doi: 10.1017/S1742058X13000313
  • Greene, M. L., Way, N., & Pahl, K. (2006). Trajectories of perceived adult and peer discrimination among Black, Latino, and Asian American adolescents: Patterns and psychological correlates. Developmental Psychology, 42, 218–236. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.218
  • Grewal, R., Cote, J. A., & Baumgartner, H. (2004). Multicollinearity and measurement error in structural equation models: Implications for theory testing. Marketing Science, 23(4), 519–529. doi: 10.1287/mksc.1040.0070
  • Guendelman, M. D., Cheryan, S., & Monin, B. (2011). Fitting in but getting fat: Identity threat and dietary choices among U.S. Immigrant groups. Psychological Science, 22(7), 959–967. doi: 10.1177/0956797611411585
  • Hagendoorn, L. (1993). Ethnic categorization and outgroup exclusion: Cultural values and social stereotypes in the construction of ethnic hierarchies. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 16(1), 26–51. doi: 10.1080/01419870.1993.9993771
  • Helms, J. E., Nicolas, G., & Green, C. E. (2010). Racism and ethnoviolence as trauma: Enhancing professional and research training. Traumatology, 18(1), 65–74. doi: 10.1177/1534765610396728
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Huff, C., & Tingley, D. (2015). “Who are these people?” evaluating the demographic characteristics and political preferences of MTurk survey respondents. Research & Politics, 2(3), 1–11. doi:10.1177/2053168015604648.
  • Huynh, Q., Devos, T., & Smalarz, L. (2011). Perpetual foreigner in one's own land: Potential implications for identity and psychological adjustment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30(2), 133–162. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2011.30.2.133
  • Hwang, W., & Goto, S. (2008). The impact of perceived racial discrimination on the mental health of Asian American and latino college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(4), 326–335. doi: 10.1037/1099-9809.14.4.326
  • Jackson, K. F., Yoo, H. C., Harrington, B. A., & Guevarra, R. (2012). Role of identity integration on the relationship between perceived racial discrimination and psychological adjustment of multiracial people. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59, 240–250. doi: 10.1037/a0027639
  • Keum, B. T., & Miller, M. J. (2017). Racism in digital era: Development and initial validation of the Perceived Online Racism Scale (PORS v1.0). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(3), 310–324. doi: 10.1037/cou0000205
  • Kwate, N. A., & Goodman, M. S. (2015). Racism at the intersections: Gender and socioeconomic differences in the experience of racism among African Americans. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(5), 397–408. doi: 10.1037/ort0000086
  • Kwok, J., Atencio, J., Ullah, J., Crupi, R., Chen, D., Roth, A. R., … Brondolo, E. (2011). The perceived ethnic discrimination questionnaire—community version: Validation in a multiethnic Asian sample. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17(3), 271–282. doi: 10.1037/a0024034
  • Lam, B. T. (2007). Impact of perceived racial discrimination and collective self-esteem on psychological distress among Vietnamese-American college students: Sense of coherence as mediator. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(3), 370–376. doi: 10.1037/0002-9432.77.3.370
  • Landrine, H., Klonoff, E. A., Corral, I., Fernandez, S., & Roesch, S. (2006). Conceptualizing and measuring ethnic discrimination in health research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(1), 79–94. doi: 10.1007/s10865-005-9029-0
  • Lee, R. M. (2005). Resilience against discrimination: Ethnic identity and other-group orientation as protective factors for Korean Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 36–44. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.52.1.36
  • Lewis, T. T., Cogburn, C. D., & Williams, D. R. (2015). Self-reported experiences of discrimination and health: Scientific advances, ongoing controversies, and emerging issues. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 407–440. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728
  • Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
  • McNeilly, M. D., Anderson, N. B., Robinson, E. L., McManus, C. H., Armstead, C. A., Clark, R., … Saulter, T. (1996). Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity of the perceived racism scale: A multidimensional assessment of the experience of racism among African Americans. Handbook of Tests and Measurements for Black Populations, 2, 359–373.
  • Paradies, Y. (2006). A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35(4), 888–901. doi:10.1093/ije/dyl056
  • Pieterse, A. L., Todd, N. R., Neville, H. A., & Carter, R. T. (2012). Perceived racism and mental health among Black American adults: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(1), 1–9. doi: 10.1037/a0026208
  • Reise, S. P. (2012). The rediscovery of bifactor measurement models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 47(5), 667–696. doi: 10.1080/00273171.2012.715555
  • Reise, S. P., Bonifay, W. E., & Haviland, M. G. (2013). Scoring and modeling psychological measures in the presence of multidimensionality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95, 129–140. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2012.725437
  • Reise, S. P., Morizot, J., & Hays, R. D. (2007). The role of the bifactor model in resolving dimensionality issues in health outcomes measures. Quality of Life Research, 16(1), 19–31. doi: 10.1007/s11136-007-9183-7
  • Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016). Evaluating bifactor models: Calculating and interpreting statistical indices. Psychological Methods, 21(2), 137–150. doi: 10.1037/met0000045
  • Small, N. J. H. (1980). Marginal skewness and kurtosis in testing multivariate normality. Applied Statistics, 29(1), 85–87. doi: 10.2307/2346414
  • Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797–811. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797
  • Stenling, A., Ivarsson, A., Hassmén, P., & Lindwall, M. (2015). Using bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling to examine global and specific factors in measures of sports coaches' interpersonal styles. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1303. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01303
  • Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271–286. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271
  • Tracey, T. J. G. (2012). Problems with single interest scales: Implications of the general factor. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81, 378–384. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2012.10.001
  • Yoo, H. C., Burrola, K. S., & Steger, M. F. (2010). A preliminary report on a new measure: Internalization of the model minority myth measure (IM-4) and its psychological correlates among Asian American college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(1), 114–127. doi: 10.1037/a0017871
  • Yosso, T. J., Smith, W. A., Ceja, M., & Solórzano, D. G. (2009). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate for Latina/o undergraduates. Harvard Educational Review, 79(4), 659–691. doi: 10.17763/haer.79.4.m6867014157m707l

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.