Borrowing from the past to sustain the present and the future: indigenous African urban forms, architecture, and sustainable urban development in contemporary Africa

References

• Agbontaen , K.A. , Ogunje , A.A. and Oladipupo , A.O. 1996 . The impluvium-courtyard in indigenous Benin architecture . Nigerian Field , 61 ( 1–2 ) : 54 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Aina , T. , Etta , A.E. and Obi , C.I. 1994 . The search for sustainable urban development in metropolitan Lagos: prospects and problems . Third World Planning Review , 16 ( 2 ) : 201 – 219 .
   Google Scholar
• Amankwah-Ayeh , K. 1995 . Planning environmentally sustainable cities in Africa today . Africa Insight , 25 ( 1 ) : 37 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, J.E., Andreasen, J., and Tipple, G., 2006. The demise of compound houses: consequences for the low-income population in Kumasi, Ghana. RICS Research Papers, Vol. 6, No. 8. London: Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.
   Google Scholar
• Asomani-Boateng , R. 2002 . Urban cultivation in Accra: an examination of the nature, practices, problems, potentials and urban planning implications . Habitat International , 26 : 591 – 607 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson , G.A. 1950 . African housing . African Affairs , 49 ( 196 ) : 228 – 237 .
   Google Scholar
• Bay , E.G. 1975 . Cyprien Tokudagba of Abomey . African Arts , 8 ( 4 ) : 24 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertrand , M. and Delaunay , D. 2005 . Residential mobility in the greater Accra region: individual and geographical differentiations , Paris : Groupement d’interet scientifique .
   Google Scholar
• Bowditch, T.E. 1819. Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee, with a statistical account of that kingdom. London: John Murray.
   Google Scholar
• Bradshaw , Y.W. 1985 . Overurbanization and underdevelopment in Sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-national study . Studies in Comparative International Development , 20 ( 3 ) : 74 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugmann , J. 1994 . Who can deliver sustainability? . Third World Planning Review , 16 : 129 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Chowdhury , T. and Furedy , C. 1994 . Urban sustainability in the Third World: a review of the literature , University of Winnipeg : Institute of Urban Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Clercq , F. and Bertolini , L. 2003 . Achieving sustainable accessibility: an evaluation of policy measures in the Amsterdam area . Built Environment , 29 ( I ) : 36 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Connah , G. 1987 . African civilizations: pre-colonial cities and states in tropical Africa: an archaeological perspective , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Corbett , J. and Corbett , M. 2000 . Designing sustainable communities: learning from village homes , Washington , DC : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Coquery-Vidrovitch, C., 1995. Towns in Black Africa: history’s legacy. The Courier, No. 149 (Jan.-Feb.), 50–51.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson , B. 1959 . The lost cities of Africa , Boston : Little, Brown and Co .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , K. and Golden , H. 1954 . Urbanization and the development of pre-industrial areas . Economic Development and Cultural Change , 3 ( 1 ) : 6 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Blij , H.J. and Muller , P.O. 2000 . Geography: realms, regions and concepts 2000 , New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Dei , G. 1993 . Sustainable development in the African context: revisiting some theoretical and methodological issues . African Development , 18 ( 2 ) : 91
   Google Scholar
• Devas , N. and Rakodi , C. 1993 . “ Planning and managing urban development ” . In Managing fast growing cities: new approaches to urban planning in the developing world , Edited by: Devas , N. and Rakodi , C. 41 – 62 . Essex : Longman Scientific and Technical .
   Google Scholar
• Drake, M., and Hall, S., 1993. Traditional Tswana planning principles: the defaqane and Deel Kraal. Paper presented at PHSG Symposium, Pietermarizburg.
   Google Scholar
• Doxiadis Foundation, 2003. Constantinos Doxiadis, architect and urban planner. Available from: http://www.doxiadis.org/ [Accessed 8 November 2011].
   Google Scholar
• Dumont , R. and Mottin , M.F. 1983 . Stranglehold on Africa , London : Andre Deutch .
   Google Scholar
• Egharevba , J.U. 1952 . The city of Benin , Nendeln , , Germany : Kraus Reprint .
   Google Scholar
• Falade , J.B. 1990 . Yoruba palace gardens . Garden History , 18 ( 1 ) : 47 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Falola , T. and Salm , S.J. 2004 . Nigerian cities , Asmara , Eritrea : Africa World Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Forman , R. 1997 . Land mosaics: the ecology of landscapes and regions , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Foyle, A.M., 1953. Some aspects of Nigerian architecture. Man [Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland], 53 (Jan.), 1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Ghana Statistical Service . 1995 . Ghana living standards survey report on the third round (GLSS3) , Accra , Ghana : Ghana Statistical Services, Government of Ghana .
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs , J. and Martin , W. 1962 . Urbanization technology, and the division of labor: international patterns . American Sociological Review , 27 : 667 – 677 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girardet , H. 1992 . The Gaia atlas of cities: new directions for sustainable urban living , London : Gaia Books .
   Google Scholar
• Gutkind , C.W. 1963 . The Royal Capital of Buganda , The Hague : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Hough , M. 1995 . Cities and natural process , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hull , R.W. 1976 . African cities and towns before the European conquest , London : W.W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Jabareen , R.Y. 2006 . Sustainable urban forms: their typologies, models, and concepts . Journal of Planning Education and Research , 26 : 38 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs , J. 1961 . The death and life of great American cities , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Jenks , M. 2000 . “ The acceptability of urban intensification ” . In Achieving sustainable urban form , Edited by: Williams , K. , Burton , E. and Jenks , M. London : E & FN Spon .
   Google Scholar
• Kamete , A.Y. , Tostensen , A. and Tvedten , I. 2002 . From global village to urban globe: urbanization and poverty in Africa: implications for Norwegian aid policy . Chr. Michelsen Institute Report , 2 : 1 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Keene , J.C. 1996 . An overview of two US programs designed to keep farmers farming and conserving farmland in metropolitan areas: agricultural districts and agricultural protection zoning , Philadelphia , , USA : School of City and Regional Planning, University of Pennsylvania .
   Google Scholar
• Kuper , A. 1947 . An African aristocracy: rank among the Swazi , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , S. 2006 . Race against time , Toronto : House of Anansi Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lipton , M. 1977 . Why poor people stay poor: the urban bias in world development , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Logan , P.N. 1929 . The walled city of Kano . Journal of British Architects , 36 ( 10 ) : 402 – 406 .
   Google Scholar
• Mabogunje , A.L. 1990 . Urban planning and the post-colonial state in Africa: a research overview . African Studies Review , 33 ( 2 ) : 121 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• MacHarg , I.L. 1969 . Design with nature , New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Matowanyika, J.Z.Z., 1991. Indigenous resource management and sustainability in rural Zimbabwe: an exploration of practices and concepts in commonlands. Doctoral thesis, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• McGee , T.G. 1967 . The South East Asia city , London : G. Bell and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Møller-Jensen , L. , Kofie , R.Y. and Yankson , P.W.K. 2002 . Large-area urban growth observation – a hierarchical kernel approach based on image texture . Geografisk Tidsskrift: Danish Journal of Geography , 105 ( 2 ) : 1 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Njoh , A.J. 2003 . Urbanization and development in Sub-Saharan Africa . Cities , 20 ( 1 ) : 167 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Njoh , A.J. 2006 . Tradition, culture and development in Africa: historical lessons for modern development planning , Aldershot , , UK : Ashgate .
   Google Scholar
• Nwafor , J.C. 1981 . Physical environment, decision-making and land use development in Metropolitan Lagos . Geojournal , 12 ( 4 ) : 433 – 442 .
   Google Scholar
• Obeng , L.A. and Cointreau-Levine , S. 1997 . Urban waste management: guidelines, tools and practices in Sub-Saharan Africa , Washington DC : The World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Ojo , A.G.J. 1966 . The Yoruba culture: a geographic analysis , London : London University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pacione , M. 2001 . Urban geography: a global perspective , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , H.W. 1981 . National urban development strategies in developing countries . Urban Studies , 18 : 267 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roux-Fouillet, G., 2001. Architecture in Benin. Africa Circa 1500. Available from: http://arkkitehtuuri.tkk.fi/YKS/fin/opetus/kurssit/vanhat_kurssit/wap/helsinki-benin/sivu2c.html [accessed 21 November 2011].
   Google Scholar
• Sachs , I. 1984 . The strategies of ecodevelopment . Ceres , 17 : 173 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Satterthwaite , D. 2001 . The scale and nature of urban poverty in low and middle income nations , London : International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , D.A. 1987 . Overurbanization reconceptualized: a political economy of the world-system approach . Urban Affairs Quarterly , 23 ( 2 ) : 270 – 294 .
   Google Scholar
• Sovani , N.V. 1964 . The analysis of “over-urbanization” . Economic Development and Cultural Change , 12 : 113 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley , R. and Neame , A. , eds. 1961 . The exploration diaries of H.M. Stanley , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stren , R. 1975 . Urban inequality and housing policy in Tanzania: the problem of squatting , Berkeley : Institute of International Studies, University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Stren , R.E. 1989 . African cities in crisis: managing rapid urban growth , Boulder , CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tipple, A.G., 1987. The development of housing policy in Kumasi, Ghana, 1901 to 1981: with an analysis of the current housing stock. Newcastle upon Tyne: Centre for Architectural Research and Development Overseas, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
   Google Scholar
• Transportation Research Board of the National Academy, 1996. Transit and urban form. Report 16, vol. 2. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• UNCHS . 2001 . Cities in a globalizing world: global report on human settlements 2001 , Washington , DC : UN-HABITAT .
   Google Scholar
• Vlach , J.M. 1976 . Affecting architecture of the Yuroba . African Arts , 10 ( 1 ) : 48 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler , S.M. 2000 . Planning for metropolitan sustainability . Journal of Planning Education and Research , 20 : 133 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , R. 1994 . Strategic decisions for sustainable development in the Third World . Third World Planning Review , 16 ( 2 ) : 103 – 116 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winters , C. 1983 . The classification of traditional African cities . Journal of Urban History , 10 : 3 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Commission on Environment, Development (WCED) . 1987 . Our common future , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar