Intervention research: Appraising study designs, interpreting findings and creating research in clinical practice

References

• Adams, C., Lockton, E., Freed, J., Gaile, J., Earl, G., McBean, K., … Law, J. (2012). The Social Communication Intervention Project: A randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of speech and language therapy for school-age children who have pragmatic and social communication problems with or without autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 47, 233–244. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-6984.2011.00146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best, W. (2005). Investigation of a new intervention for children with word-finding problems. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 40, 279–318. doi: 10.1080/13682820410001734154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolderson, S., Dosanjh, C., Milligan, C., Pring, T., & Chiat, S. (2011). Colourful semantics: A clinical investigation. Child Language Teaching & Therapy, 27, 344–353. doi: 10.1177/0265659011412248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle, J.M., McCartney, E., O'hare, A., & Forbes, J. (2009). Direct versus indirect and individual versus group modes of language therapy for children with primary language impairment: Principal outcomes from a randomized controlled trial and economic evaluation. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 44, 826–846. doi: 10.1080/13682820802371848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, M.K., Elbourne, D.R., & Altman, D.G. (2004). CONSORT statement: Extension to cluster randomised trials. BMJ, 328, 702–708. doi: 10.1136/bmj.328.7441.702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casarett, D. (2016). The Science of choosing wisely-overcoming the therapeutic illusion. New England Journal of Medicine, 374, 1203–1205. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1516803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, W., Hodson, A., O'hare, A., Boyle, J., Durrani, T., McCartney, E., … Watson, J. (2005). Effects of computer-based intervention using acoustically modified speech (Fast ForWord-Language) in severe mixed receptive-expressive language impairment: Outcomes from a randomized control trial. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 48, 715–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti-Ramsden, G., St Clair, M.C., Pickles, A., & Durkin, K. (2012). Developmental trajectories of verbal and nonverbal skills in individuals with a history of specific language impairment: From childhood to adolescence. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 55, 1716–1735. Retrieved from WOS:000314531600010 doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2012/10-0182)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culatta, B., & Horn, D. (1982). A program for achieving generalization of grammatical rules to spontaneous discourse. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 47, 174–180. doi: 10.1044/jshd.4702.174
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ebbels, S.H., Maric, N., Murphy, A., & Turner, G. (2014). Improving comprehension in adolescents with severe receptive language impairments: A randomised control trial of intervention for coordinating conjunctions. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 49, 30–48. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebbels, S.H., Nicoll, H., Clark, B., Eachus, B., Gallagher, A.L., Horniman, K., … Turner, G. (2012). Effectiveness of semantic therapy for word-finding difficulties in pupils with persistent language impairments: A randomized control trial. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 47, 35–51. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-6984.2011.00073.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebbels, S.H., van der Lely, H.K.J., & Dockrell, J.E. (2007). Intervention for verb argument structure in children with persistent SLI: a randomized control trial. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 50, 1330–1349. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2007/093)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebbels, S.H., Wright, L., Brockbank, S., Godfrey, C., Harris, C., Leniston, H., … Marić, N. (in press). Effectiveness of 1:1 speech and language therapy for older children with (developmental) language disorder. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkus, G., Tilley, C., Thomas, C., Hockey, H., Kennedy, A., Arnold, T., … Pring, T. (2016). Assessing the effectiveness of parent–child interaction therapy with language delayed children: A clinical investigation. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 32, 7–17. doi: 10.1177/0265659015574918
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fey, M.E., Cleave, P.L., & Long, S.H. (1997). Two models of grammar facilitation in children with language impairments: Phase 2. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 40, 5–19. doi: 10.1044/jslhr.4001.05
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fey, M.E., Cleave, P., Long, S.H., & Hughes, D.L. (1993). Two approaches to the facilitation of grammar in children with language impairment: An experimental evaluation. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 141–157. doi: 10.1044/jshr.3601.141
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fey, M.E., Finestack, L.H., Gajewski, B.J., Popescu, M., & Lewine, J.D. (2010). A preliminary evaluation of fast forword-language as an adjuvant treatment in language intervention. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 53, 430–449. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0225)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fricke, S., Bowyer-Crane, C.A., Haley, A.J., Hulme, C., & Snowling, M. (2013). Efficacy of language intervention in the early years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 280–290. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillam, R.B., Loeb, D.F., Hoffman, L.M., Bohman, T., Champlin, C.A., Thibodeau, L., … Friel-Patti, S. (2008). The efficacy of Fast ForWord Language Intervention in school-age children with language impairment: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 51, 97–119. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/007)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh, T. (1997). How to read a paper. Getting your bearings (deciding what the paper is about). British Medical Journal, 315, 243. doi: 10.1136/bmj.315.7102.243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, D., Best, W., & Nickels, L. (2015). Optimising the design of intervention studies: critiques and ways forward. Aphasiology, 29, 526–562. doi: 10.1080/02687038.2014.985884
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacs, D., & Fitzgerald, D. (1999). Seven alternatives to evidence based medicine. British Medical Journal, 319, 1618. doi: 10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kambanaros, M., Michaelides, M., & Grohmann, K.K. (in press). Cross-linguistic transfer effects after phonologically based cognate therapy in a case of multilingual specific language impairment (SLI). International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni, A., Pring, T., & Ebbels, S. (2014). Evaluating the effectiveness of Shape Coding therapy to develop the use of regular past tense morphemes in two children with language impairments. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 30, 245–254. doi: 10.1177/0265659013514982
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mecrow, C., Beckwith, J., & Klee, T. (2010). An exploratory trial of the effectiveness of an enhanced consultative approach to delivering speech and language intervention in schools. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 45, 354–367. doi: 10.3109/13682820903040268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motsch, H.J., & Riehemann, S. (2008). Effects of ‘Context-Optimization' on the acquisition of grammatical case in children with specific language impairment: An experimental evaluation in the classroom. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 43, 683–698. doi: 10.1080/13682820701794728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulac, A., & Tomlinson, C.N. (1977). Generalization of an operant remediation program for syntax with language delayed children. Journal of Communication Disorders, 10, 231–243. doi: 10.1016/0021-9924(77)90003-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nail-Chiwetalu, B., & Ratner, N.B. (2007). An assessment of the information-seeking abilities and needs of practicing speech-language pathologists. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 95, 182. doi: 10.3163/1536-5050.95.2.182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donnell, M. (1997). A sceptic’s medical dictionary. London: BMJ Books.
   Google Scholar
• Parsons, S., Law, J., & Gascoigne, M. (2005). Teaching receptive vocabulary to children with specific language impairment: a curriculum-based approach. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 21, 39–59. doi: 10.1191/0265659005ct280oa
   Google Scholar
• Petersen, D.B., Gillam, S.L., Spencer, T., & Gillam, R.B. (2010). The effects of literate narrative intervention on children with neurologically based language impairments: An early stage study. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 53, 961–981. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2009/09-0001)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, D.R., Gillam, S.L., & Gillam, R.R. (2008). Emerging procedures in narrative assessment – The index of narrative complexity. Topics in Language Disorders, 28, 115–130. doi: 10.1097/01.TLD.0000318933.46925.86
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pring, T. (2005). Research methods in communication disorders. London: Whurr Publishing for Professionals.
   Google Scholar
• Rice, M.L., & Hoffman, L. (2015). Predicting vocabulary growth in children with and without specific language impairment: A longitudinal study from 2;6 to 21 years of age. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 58, 345–359. doi: 10.1044/2015_JSLHR-L-14-0150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riches, N. (2013). Treating the passive in children with specific language impairment: A usage-based approach. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 29, 155–169. doi: 10.1177/0265659012466667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackett, D.L., Rosenberg, W.M., Gray, J.M., Haynes, R.B., & Richardson, W.S. (1996). Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. British Medical Journal, 312, 71–72. doi: 10.1136/bmj.312.7023.71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith-Lock, K.M., Leitao, S., Lambert, L., & Nickels, L. (2013). Effective intervention for expressive grammar in children with specific language impairment. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 48, 265–282. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snowling, M.J., & Hulme, C. (2011). Evidence‐based interventions for reading and language difficulties: Creating a virtuous circle. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 1–23. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8279.2010.02014.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starling, J., Munro, N., Togher, L., & Arciuli, J. (2012). Training secondary school teachers in instructional language modification techniques to support adolescents with language impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 43, 474–495. Retrieved from MEDLINE:22826368 doi: 10.1044/0161-1461(2012/11-0066)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, K.B. (1978). The consultation and the therapeutic illusion. British Medical Journal, 1, 1327–1328. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6123.1327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomblin, J.B., Zhang, X., Buckwalter, P., & O'brien, M. (2003). The stability of primary language disorder: Four years after kindergarten diagnosis. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 46, 1283–1296. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2003/100)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J., Aldersley, A., Dobson, C., Edgar, S., Harding, C., Luckins, J., … Pring, T. (2015). The effectiveness of semantic therapy for the word finding difficulties of children with severe and complex speech, language and communication needs. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 31, 7–17. doi: 10.1177/0265659014523299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., & Tomblin, J.B. (2003). Explaining and controlling regression to the mean in longitudinal research designs. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46, 1340–1351. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2003/104)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zipoli, R.P., & Kennedy, M. (2005). Evidence-based practice among speech-language pathologists: Attitudes, utilization, and barriers. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 14, 208–220. doi: 10.1044/1058-0360(2005/021)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwitserlood, R., Wijnen, F., van Weerdenburg, M., & Verhoeven, L. (2015). 'MetaTaal': Enhancing complex syntax in children with specific language impairment – A metalinguistic and multimodal approach. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 50, 273–297. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar