511
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Epiphytes in human settlements in rural Panama

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 277-287 | Received 04 Aug 2015, Accepted 06 Apr 2016, Published online: 13 May 2016

References

  • Ackerman JD, Sabat A, Zimmerman JK. 1996. Seedling establishment in an epiphytic orchid: an experimental study of seed limitation. Oecologia 106:192–198.
  • Adhikari YP, Fischer A, Fischer HS. 2012. Micro-site conditions of epiphytic orchids in a human impact gradient in Kathmandu valley, Nepal. Journal of Mountain Science 9:331–342.
  • Andersson MS, Gradstein SR. 2005. Impact of management intensity on non-vascular epiphyte diversity in cacao plantations in western Ecuador. Biodiversity and Conservation 14:1101–1120.
  • Instituto Geográfico Nacional “Tommy Guardia”. 1988. Atlas Nacional de la República de Panamá. Panamá City: Instituto Geográfico Nacional “Tommy Guardia”.
  • Barthlott W, Schmit-Neuerburg V, Nieder J, Engwald S. 2001. Diversity and abundance of vascular epiphytes: a comparison of secondary vegetation and primary montane rain forest in the Venezuelan Andes. Plant Ecology 152:145–156.
  • Bhatt A, Gairola S, Govender Y, Baijnath H, Ramdhani S. 2015. Epiphyte diversity on host trees in an urban environment, eThekwini Municipal Area, South Africa. New Zealand Journal of Botany 53:24–37.
  • Boelter CR, Zartman CE, Fonseca CR. 2011. Exotic tree monocultures play a limited role in the conservation of Atlantic Forest epiphytes. Biodiversity and Conservation 20:1255–1272.
  • Carvajal-Hernández CI, Krömer T, Vázquez-Torres M. 2014. Riqueza y composición florística de pteridobiontes en bosque mesófilo de montaña y ambientes asociados en el centro de Veracruz, México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85:491–501.
  • Cascante-Marín A, von Meijenfeldt N, de Leeuw HMH, Wolf JHD, Oostermeijer JGB, den Nijs JCM. 2009. Dispersal limitation in epiphytic bromeliad communities in a Costa Rican fragmented montane landscape. Journal of Tropical Ecology 25:63–73.
  • Crayn DM, Winter K, Smith JAC. 2004. Multiple origins of crassulacean acid metabolism and the epiphytic habit in the Neotropical family Bromeliaceae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101:3703–3708.
  • Datos Climáticos Históricos [Internet]. Panamá: Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A.; [cited 2015 Oct 30]. Available from: http://www.hidromet.com.pa/clima_historicos.php?sensor=2/
  • de Ramos E. 2004. Población de la república por sexo, según provincia, distrito y corregimiento: Censos de 1990 y 2000. Panamá: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo. p. 1–16. [cited 2014 Dec 11]. Avaiable from: http://www.contraloria.gob.pa/INEC/Avance/Avance.aspx?ID_CATEGORIA=5&ID_CIFRAS=21&ID_IDIOMA=1
  • Dray S, Dufour AB. 2007. The ade4 package: implementing the duality diagram for ecologists. Journal of Statistical Software 22:1–20.
  • Dunn RR. 2000. Bromeliad communities in isolated trees and three successional stages of an Andean cloud forest in Ecuador. Selbyana 21:137–143.
  • Einzmann HJR, Beyschlag J, Hofhansl F, Wanek W, Zotz G. 2015. Host tree phenology affects vascular epiphytes at the physiological, demographic and community level. AoB Plants 7:plu073.
  • Etisa AT. 2010. Diversity of vascular epiphytes along disturbance gradient in Yayu Forest, Southwest Oromia, Ethiopia. Addis Adeba: Addis Ababa University.
  • FAO. 2010. Global forest resources assessment 2010 - main report. FAO Forestry Paper 163. Rome: FAO.
  • FAO. 2014. State of the world’s forests 2014 (SOFO) - enhancing the socioeconomic benefits from forests. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
  • Floren A, Mueller T, Deeleman-Reinhold C, Linsenmair KE. 2011. Effects of forest fragmentation on canopy spider communities in SE-Asian rain forests. Ecotropica 17:15–26.
  • Flores-Palacios A, García-Franco JG. 2001. Sampling methods for vascular epiphytes: their effectiveness in recording species richness and frequency. Selbyana 22:181–191.
  • Flores-Palacios A, García-Franco JG. 2004. Effect of isolation on the structure and nutrient content of oak epiphyte communities. Plant Ecology 173:259–269.
  • Fox J, Weisberg S. 2011. An {R} companion to applied regression. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage.
  • Goslee SC, Urban DL. 2007. The ecodist package for dissimilarity-based analysis of ecological data. Journal of Statistical Software 22:1–19.
  • Gotelli NJ, Graves GR. 1996. Null models in ecology. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution Press.
  • Haro-Carrión X, Lozada T, Navarrete H, Koning GHJ. 2009. Conservation of vascular epiphyte diversity in shade cacao plantations in the Chocó region of Ecuador. Biotropica 41:520–529.
  • Heckadon-Moreno S. 2009. De selvas a potreros. 1st ed. Panamá: Exedra Books.
  • Hietz P. 2005. Conservation of vascular epiphyte diversity in Mexican coffee plantations. Conservation Biology 19:391–399.
  • Hietz P, Hietz-Seifert U. 1995. Structure and ecology of epiphyte communities of a cloud forest in central Veracruz, Mexico. Journal of Vegetation Science 6:719–728.
  • Hietz-Seifert U, Hietz P, Guevara S. 1996. Epiphyte vegetation and diversity on remnant trees after forest clearance in southern Veracruz, Mexico. Biological Conservation 75:103–111.
  • Hothorn T, Hornik K, van de Wiel MA, Zeileis A. 2006. A lego system for conditional inference. The American Statistician 60:257–263.
  • Hylander K. 2009. No increase in colonization rate of boreal bryophytes close to propagule sources. Ecology 90:160–169.
  • Izuddin M, Webb EL. 2015. The influence of tree architecture, forest remnants, and dispersal syndrome on roadside epiphyte diversity in a highly urbanized tropical environment. Biodiversity and Conservation 24:2063–2077.
  • Jim CY. 2014. Ecology and conservation of strangler figs in urban wall habitats. Urban Ecosystems 17:405–426.
  • Johansson D. 1974. Ecology of vascular epiphytes in West African rain forest. Acta Phytogeographica Suecica 59:136–267.
  • Johansson V, Ranius T, Snall T. 2012. Epiphyte metapopulation dynamics are explained by species traits, connectivity, and patch dynamics. Ecology 93:235–241.
  • Jost L, Chao A, Chazdon RL. 2011. Compositional similarity and β (beta) diversity. In: Magurran AE, McGill BJ, editors. Biological diversity - frontiers in measurement and assessment. New York: Oxford Univeristy Press Inc. p. 66–84.
  • Judith C, Schneider JV, Schmidt M, Ortega R, Gaviria J, Zizka G. 2013. Using high-resolution remote sensing data for habitat suitability models of Bromeliaceae in the city of Mérida, Venezuela. Landscape and Urban Planning 120:107–118.
  • Kartzinel TR, Trapnell DW, Shefferson RP. 2013. Critical importance of large native trees for conservation of a rare Neotropical epiphyte. Journal of Ecology 101:1429–1438.
  • Köster N, Friedrich K, Nieder J, Barthlott W. 2009. Conservation of epiphyte diversity in an Andean landscape transformed by human land use. Conservation Biology 23:911–919.
  • Larrea ML, Werner FA. 2010. Response of vascular epiphyte diversity to different land-use intensities in a neotropical montane wet forest. Forest Ecology and Management 260:1950–1955.
  • Lindenmayer DB, Laurance WF, Franklin JF. 2012. Global decline in large old trees. Science 338:1305–1306.
  • Löbel S, Snäll T, Rydin H. 2006. Metapopulation processes in epiphytes inferred from patterns of regional distribution and local abundance in fragmented forest landscapes. Journal of Ecology 94:856–868.
  • Lugo AE. 2010. Let’s not forget the biodiversity of the cities. Biotropica 42:576–577.
  • Moorhead LC, Philpott SM, Bichier P. 2010. Epiphyte biodiversity in the coffee agricultural matrix: canopy stratification and distance from forest fragments. Conservation Biology 24:737–746.
  • Nir MA. 1988. The survivors: orchids on a Puerto Rican coffee finca. American Orchid Society Bulletin 57:989–995.
  • Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, Minchin PR, O’Hara RB, Simpson GL, Solymos P, Stevens MHH, Wagner H. 2015. Vegan: community ecology package [Internet]. R package version 2.2-1. [cited 2015 Nov 5]. Available from: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan
  • Oliveira Alves ME, Brun C, Sulzbach Dal Forno R, Essi L. 2014. A survey of vascular epiphyte species of the urban area of Palmeira das Missões, RS, Brazil. Ciência e Natura 36:268–276.
  • Paton S. 2014. 2014 meteorological summary for the San Lorenzo/Fort Sherman Canopy Crane [Internet]. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; [cited 2015 Oct 30]. Available from: http://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/physical_monitoring/research/sherman#sumary
  • Poltz K, Zotz G. 2011. Vascular epiphytes on isolated pasture trees along a rainfall gradient in the lowlands of Panama. Biotropica 43:165–172.
  • R Core Team. 2013. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. 3.0.2 ed. Vienna (Austria): R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
  • Sanford WW. 1968. Distribution of epiphytic orchids in semi-deciduous tropical forest in southern Nigeria. Journal of Ecology 56:697–705.
  • Schimper AFW. 1888. Die epiphytische Vegetation Amerikas. Jena: Verlag von Gustav Fischer.
  • Silvera K, Santiago LS, Cushman JC, Winter K. 2010. The incidence of crassulacean acid metabolism in Orchidaceae derived from carbon isotope ratios: a checklist of the flora of Panama and Costa Rica. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 163:194–222.
  • Smith JAC, Winter K. 1996. Taxonomic distribution of crassulacean acid metabolism. In: Winter K, Smith JAC, editors. Crassulacean acid metabolism biochemistry, ecophysiology and evolution. Berlin: Springer. p. 427–436.
  • Snäll T, Ehrlén J, Rydin H. 2005. Colonization-extinction dynamics of an epiphyte metapopulation in a dynamic landscape. Ecology 86:106–115.
  • ter Braak CJF, Smilauer P. 1997–2002. Canoco for windows. 4.5 ed. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Biometris - Plant Research International.
  • terSteege H, Cornelissen JHC. 1989. Distribution and ecology of vascular epiphytes in lowland rain forest of Guyana. Biotropica 21:331–339.
  • The Plant List. 2013. Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; [cited 2015 Sept 15]. Available from: http://www.theplantlist.org/
  • Turner EC, Foster WA. 2009. The impact of forest conversion to oil palm on arthropod abundance and biomass in Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 25:23–30.
  • Turner IM, Tan HTW, Wee YC, Ibrahim AB, Chew PT, Corlett RT. 1994. A study of plant species extinction in Singapore: lessons for the conservation of tropical biodiversity. Conservation Biology 8:705–712.
  • Van Bael SA, Zambrano R, Hall JS. 2013. Bird communities in forested and human-modified landscapes of Central Panama: a baseline survey for a native species reforestation treatment. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 9:1–9.
  • Venables WN, Ripley BD. 2002. Modern applied statistics with S. 4th ed. New York: Springer.
  • Wagner K, Mendieta-Leiva G, Zotz G. 2015. Host specificity in vascular epiphytes: a review of methodology, empirical evidence and potential mechanisms. AoB Plants 7:plu092.
  • Werner FA, Gradstein SR. 2008. Seedling establishment of vascular epiphytes on isolated and enclosed forest trees in an Andean landscape, Ecuador. Biodiversity and Conservation 17:3195–3207.
  • Werner FA, Gradstein SR. 2009. Diversity of dry forest epiphytes along a gradient of human disturbance in the tropical Andes. Journal of Vegetation Science 20:59–68.
  • Wester S, Zotz G. 2010. Growth and survival of Tillandsia flexuosa on electrical cables in Panama. Journal of Tropical Ecology 26:123–126.
  • Wolf JHD. 2005. The response of epiphytes to anthropogenic disturbance of pine-oak forests in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 212:367–393.
  • Woods CL, Cardelús CL, DeWalt SJ. 2015. Microhabitat associations of vascular epiphytes in a wet tropical forest canopy. Journal of Ecology 103:421–430.
  • Zotz G. 2004. How prevalent is crassulacean acid metabolism among vascular epiphytes? Oecologia 138:184–192.
  • Zotz G. 2013a. The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 171:453–481.
  • Zotz G. 2013b. Hemiepiphyte: a confusing term and its history. Annals of Botany 111:1015–1020.
  • Zotz G, Bader MY. 2009. Epiphytic plants in a changing world - global change effects on vascular and non-vascular epiphytes. Progress in Botany 70:147–170.
  • Zotz G, Bermejo P, Dietz H. 1999. The epiphyte vegetation of Annona glabra on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Journal of Biogeography 26:761–776.
  • Zotz G, Schultz S. 2008. The vascular epiphytes of a lowland forest in Panama - species composition and spatial structure. Plant Ecology 195:131–141.
  • Zotz G, Ziegler H. 1997. The occurrence of crassulacean acid metabolism among vascular epiphytes from Central Panama. New Phytologist 137:223–229.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.