Effect of grazing removal on aboveground vegetation and soil seed bank composition in sub-alpine grasslands of northern Iran

References

• Alrababah MA, Alhamad MA, Suwaileh A, Al-Gharaibeh M. 2007. Biodiversity of semi-arid Mediterranean grasslands: impact of grazing and afforestation. Applied Vegetation Science 10:257–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson MJ, Crist TO, Chase JM, Vellend M, Inouye BD, Freestone AL, Sanders NJ, Cornell HV, Comita LS, Davies KF, et al. 2011. Navigating the multiple meanings of diversity: a roadmap for the practicing ecologist. Ecology Letters 14:19–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker C, Blair JM, Knapp AK. 2003. Does resource availability, resource heterogeneity or species turnover mediate changes in plant species richness in grazed grassland? Oecologia 137:385–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartha S, Campetella G, Kertez M, Hahn I, Kroel-Dulay GY, Redei T, Kun A, Viragh K, Fekete G, Kovacs-Lang E. 2011. Beta diversity and community differentiation in dry perennial sand grassland. Annali di Botanica 1:9–18.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein EJ, Albano CM, Sisk TD, Crews TE, Rosenstock S. 2014. Establishing cool-season grasses on a degraded arid rangeland of the Colorado Plateau. Restoration Ecology 22:57–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaideftou E, Thanos CA, Bergmeier E, Kallimanis A, Dimopoulos P. 2009. Seed bank composition and above-ground vegetation in response to grazing in sub-Mediterranean oak-forests (NW Greece). Plant Ecology 201:255–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cingolani AM, Noy-Meir I, Diaz S. 2005. Grazing effects on rangeland diversity: a synthesis of contemporary models. Ecological Applications 15:757–773.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins B, Wein G. 1998. Soil resource heterogeneity effects on early succession. Oikos 82:238–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong SK, Kang MY, Hu ZZ, Long R, Pu XP. 2004. Performance of cultivated perennial grass mixtures under different grazing intensities in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Grass and Forage Science 59:298–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreber N, Esler KJ. 2011. Spatio-temporal variation in soil seed banks under contrasting grazing regimes following low and high seasonal rainfall in arid Namibia. Journal of Arid Environments 75:174–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichberg C, Storm C, Schwabe A. 2007. Endozoochorous dispersal, seedling emergence and fruiting success in disturbed and undisturbed successional stages of sheep-grazed in land sand ecosystems. Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 202:3–26.
   Google Scholar
• Erfanzadeh R, Hosseini Kahnuj SH. 2015. Soil seed bank characteristics in relation to distance from watering-points in arid ecosystems (case study: Kahnuj, Kerman province). Ecopersia 3:975–986.
   Google Scholar
• Erfanzadeh R, Hosseini Kahnuj SH, Azarnivand H, Pétillon J. 2013. Comparison of soil seed banks of habitats distributed along an altitudinal gradient in northern Iran. Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 208:312–320.
   Google Scholar
• Erfanzadeh R, Omidipour R, Faranarzi M. 2015. Variation of plant diversity components in different scale in relation to grazing and climatic conditions. Plant Ecology and Diversity 8:537–545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erfanzadeh R, Shahbazian R, Zali H. 2014. Role of plant patches in preserving flora from soil seed bank in an overgrazed high-mountain habitat in Northern Iran. Journal of Agriculture Science and Technology 16:312–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faust C, Eichberg C, Storm C, Schwabe A. 2011. Post-dispersal impact on seed fate by livestock trampling–A gap of knowledge. Basic and Applied Ecology 12:215–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardener CJ, McIvor JG, Jansen A. 1993. Passage of legume and grass seeds through the digestive tract of cattle and their survival in faeces. The Journal of Applied Ecology 30:63–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godefroid S, Phartyal SS, Koedam N. 2006. Depth distribution and composition of seed banks under different tree layers in a managed temperate for east ecosystem. Acta Oecologica 29:283–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grime JP. 2001. Plant strategies, vegetation processes and ecosystem properties. Oxford (UK): John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Heady HF, Child RD. 1994. Rangeland ecology and management. Boulder (CO): Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hill MO, Gauch HG. 1980. Detrended correspondence analysis, an improved ordination technique. Chichester (UK): Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Jutila E, Heli M. 1998. Seed bank of grazed and ungrazed Baltic seashore meadows. Journal of Vegetation Science 9:395–408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent M, Coker P. 1994. Vegetation description and analysis. A practical approach. Chichester (UK): Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Kuiters AT, Huiskes HPJ. 2010. Potential of endozoochorous seed dispersal by sheep in calcareous grasslands correlations with seed traits. Applied Vegetation Science 13:172–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YY, Dong SK, Wen L, Wang XX, Wu Y. 2012. Soil seed banks in degraded and revegetated grasslands in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Ecological Engineering 49:77–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Londo G. 1976. The decimal scale for relevés of permanent quadrates. Vegetatio 33:61–64.
   Google Scholar
• Loydi A, Zalba SM, Distel RA. 2012. Viable seed banks under grazing and exclosure conditions in montane mesic grasslands of Argentina. Acta Oecologica 43:8–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma M, Zhou X, Du G. 2010. Role of soil seed bank along a disturbance gradient in an alpine meadow on the Tibet plateau. Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 205:128–134.
   Google Scholar
• Marage D, Rameau JC, Garraud L. 2006. Soil seed banks and vegetation succession in the Southern Alps: effects of historical and ecological factors. Canadian Journal of Botany 84:99–111.
   Google Scholar
• Marco DE, Páez SA. 2000. Soil seed banks on Argentine seminatural mountain grasslands after cessation of grazing. Mountain Research and Development 20:254–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matus G, Papp M, Tothmeresz B. 2005. Impact of management on vegetation dynamics and seed bank form action of in land dune grassland in Hungary. Flora 200:296–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayor MD, Bóo RM, Peláez DV, Elia OR. 2003. Seasonal variation of the soil seed bank of grasses in central Argentina as related to grazing and shrub cover. Journal of Arid Environments 53:467–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mc Naughton SJ, Banyikwa FF, Mc Naughton MM. 1997. Promotion of the cycling of diet-enhancing nutrients by African grazers. Science 278:1798–2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milotić T, Erfanzadeh R, Pétillon J, Maelfait J, Hoffmann P. 2010. Short-term impact of grazing by sheep on vegetation dynamics in a newly created salt-marsh site. Grass and Forage Science 65:121–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oba G, Vetaas OR, Stenseth NC. 2001. Relationships between biomass and plant species richness in arid-zone grazing lands. Journal of Applied Ecology 38:836–845.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozaslanparlak A, Gokkus A, Demiray HC. 2011. Soil seed bank and above-ground vegetation in grazing lands of Southern Marmara, Turkey. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 39:96–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pakeman RJ, Digneffe G, Small JL. 2002. Ecological correlates of endozoochory by herbivores. Functional Ecology 16:296–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paruelo JM, Pütz S, Weber G, Bertiller MB, Golluscio RA, Aguiar MR, Wiegand T. 2008. Long-term dynamics of a semiarid grass steppe under stochatic climate and different grazing regimes: a simulation analysis. Journal of Arid Environments 72:2211–2231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlu V, Hejcman M, Pavlu L, Gaisler J, Nežerková P, Andaluz MG. 2005. Vegetation changes after cessation of grazing management in the Jizerské Mountain (Czech Republic) Annales Botanici Fennici 42:343–349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plassmann K, Brown N, Jones MLM, Edwards-Jones G. 2009. Can soil seed banks contribute to the restoration of dune slacks under conservation management? Applied Vegetation Science 12:199–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poschlod P, Tackenberg O, Bonn S. 2005. Plant dispersal potential and its relation to species frequency and coexistence. In: van der Maarel E, editors. Vegetation ecology. Malden (MA): Blackwell Publishing. p. 147–171.
   Google Scholar
• Pyke DA, Wirth TA, Beyers JL. 2013. Does seeding after wildfires in rangelands reduce erosion or invasive species? Restoration Ecology 21:415–421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rechinger KH. 1964. Flora Iranica, Akademische Druck-und Verlagsanstalt Graz. Iran: University of Tehran.
   Google Scholar
• Rice KJ. 1989. Impacts of seed banks on grassland community structure and population dynamics. In: Leck MA, Parker VT, Simpson RL, editors. Ecology of soil seed banks. San Diego (CA): Academic Press. p. 211–230.
   Google Scholar
• Robson BJ, Clay CJ. 2005. Local and regional macroinvertebrate diversity in the wetlands of a cleared agricultural landscape in south-western Victoria. Australia. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15:403–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seaby R, Henders P. 2007. Community analysis package 4.0., searching for structure in community data. Lymington (UK): PISCES Conservation Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Skowronek S, Terwei A, Zerbe S, Mölder I, Annighöfer P, Kawaletz H, Ammer C, Heilmeier H. 2014. Regeneration potential of floodplain forests under the influence of nonnative tree species: soil seed bank analysis in Northern Italy. Restoration Ecology 22:22–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smilauer P. 1992. Canodraw User’s guide, version3.0. Ithaca (NY): Microcomputer Power.
   Google Scholar
• Sternberg M, Gutman M, Perevolotsky A, Kigel J. 2003. Effects of grazing on soil seed bank dynamics: an approach with functional groups. Journal of Vegetation Science 14:375–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tessema ZK, De Boer WF, Baars RMT, Prins HHT. 2012. Influence of grazing on soil seed banks determines the restoration potential of aboveground vegetation in a semi-arid savanna of Ethiopia. Biotropica 22:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson K, Bakker JP, Bekker RM. 1997. Soil seed bank of NW Europe: methodology, density and longevity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Török P, Valkó O, Deák B, Kelemen A, Tóthmérész B. 2014. Traditional cattle grazing in a mosaic alkali landscape: effects on grassland biodiversity along a moisture gradient. PlosONE 9:e97095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkó O, Török P, Tóthmérész B, Matus G. 2011. Restoration potential in seed banks of acidic fen and dry-mesophilous meadows: can restoration be based on local seed banks? Restoration Ecology 19:9–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkó O, Tóthmérész B, Kelemen A, Simon E, Miglécz T, Lukács BA, Török P. 2014. Environmental factors driving seed bank diversity in alkali grasslands. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 182:80–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Tooren BF. 1988. The fate of seeds after dispersal in chalk grasslands: the role of bryophyte layer. Oikos 53:41–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallis DeVries MF, Bakker JP, Van Wieren SE. 1998. Grazing and conservation management. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
   Google Scholar
• Wessels S, Eichberg C, Storm C, Schwabe A. 2008. Do plant-community-based grazing regimes lead to epizoochorous dispersal of high proportions of target species? Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 203:304–326.
   Google Scholar
• Yan Y, Lu X. 2015. Is grazing exclusion effective in restoring vegetation in degraded alpine grasslands in Tibet, China? Peer Journal 3:e1020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Chu LM. 2013. Changes in soil seed bank composition during early succession of rehabilitated quarries. Ecological Engineering 55:43–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Gao QZ, Dong SK, Liu SL, Wang XX, Su XK, Li YY, Tang L, Wu XY, Zhao HD. 2015. Effects of grazing and climate warming on plant diversity, productivity and living state in the alpine rangelands and cultivated grasslands of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The Rangeland Journal 37:57–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar