4,551
Views
34
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Grubb Review

Concepts in empirical plant ecology

Pages 405-428 | Received 25 Mar 2018, Accepted 21 Oct 2018, Published online: 10 Nov 2018

References

  • Adams MA, Grierson PF. 2001. Stable isotopes at natural abundance in terrestrial plant ecology and ecophysiology: an update. Plant Biol. 3:299–310.
  • Ainsworth EA, Davey PA, Bernacchi CJ, Dermody OC, Heaton EA, Moore DJ, Morgan PB, Naidu SL, Ra HSY, Zhu XG, et al. 2002. A meta-analysis of elevated CO2 effects on soybean (Glycine max) physiology, growth and yield. Glob Change Biol. 8:695–709.
  • Ainsworth EA, Long SP. 2005. What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy. New Phytol. 165:351–371.
  • Alexander JM, Diez JM, Levine JM. 2015. Novel competitors shape species’ responses to climate change. Nature. 525:515–518.
  • Ashton PS, LaFrankie JV. 2000. Patterns of tree species diversity among tropical rain forests. In: Kato M, editor. The biology of biodiversity. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; p. 161–177.
  • Asner GP, Scurlock JMO, Hicke JA. 2003. Global synthesis of leaf area index observations: implications for ecological and remote sensing studies. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 12:191–205.
  • Berendse F, Aerts R. 1987. Nitrogen-use-efficiency: a biologically meaningful definition? Functional. Ecology. 1:293–296.
  • Bigler C, Veblen TT. 2009. Increased early growth rates decrease longevities of conifers in subalpine forests. Oikos. 118:1130–1138.
  • Billings WD. 1957. Physiological ecology. Ann Rev Plant Physiol. 8:375–391.
  • Birmann K, Körner C. 2009. Nitrogen status of conifer needles at the alpine treeline. Plant Ecol Divers. 2:233–241.
  • Blanquart F, Kaltz O, Nuismer S, Gandon S. 2013. A practical guide to measuring local adaptation. Ecol Lett. 16:1195–1205.
  • Bobbink R, Hicks K, Galloway J, Spranger T, Alkemade R, Ashmore M, Bustamante M, Cinderby S, Davidson E, Dentener F, et al. 2010. Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant diversity: a synthesis. Ecol Appl. 20:30–59.
  • Bonnier G. 1890. Cultures experimentales dans les hautes altitudes. Comptes Rendus des Seances de l Academie des Sciences, Paris. 110:363–365.
  • Bonnier G. 1895. Recherches experimentales. L’adaptation des plantes au climat alpin. Ann Sci Nat 7th Ser, Bot. 19:219–360.
  • Boulangeat I, Philippe P, Abdulhak S, Douzet R, Garraud L, Lavergne S, Lavorel S, van Es J, Vittoz P, Thuiller W. 2012. Improving plant functional groups for dynamic models of biodiversity: at the crossroads between functional and community ecology. Glob Change Biol. 18:3464–3475.
  • Bowling DR, Pataki DE, Randerson JT. 2008. Carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem pools and CO2 fluxes. New Phytol. 178:24–40.
  • Bradshaw AD. 1965. Evolutionary significance of phenotypic plasticity in plants. Adv Genet. 13:115–155.
  • Bréda NJJ. 2003. Ground-based measurements of leaf area index: a review of methods, instruments and current controversies. J Exp Bot. 54:2403–2417.
  • Burch GJ, Johns GG. 1978. Root absorption of water and physiological responses to water deficits by Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and Trifolium repens L. Aust J Plant Physiol. 5:859–871.
  • Cahill JF, McNickle GG. 2011. The behavioral ecology of nutrient foraging by plants. Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 42:289–311.
  • Canadell J, Jackson RB, Ehleringer JR, Mooney HA, Sala OE, Schulze ED. 1996. Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale. Oecologia. 108:583–595.
  • Caprez R, Niklaus PA, Körner C. 2012. Forest soil respiration reflects plant productivity across a temperature gradient in the Alps. Oecologia. 170:1143–1154.
  • Ceulemans RJ, Saugier B. 1991. Photosynthesis. In: Raghavendra AS, editor. Physiology of trees. London: John Wiley & Sons; p. 21–50.
  • Chapin III FS. 1987. Environmental controls over growth of tundra plants. Ecol Bull. 38:69–76.
  • Chapin FS, Bret-Harte SM, Hailin HSE. 1996. Plant functional types as predictors of transient responses of artic vegetation to global change. J Vegetation Sci. 7:347–358.
  • Clark JS. 2008. Beyond neutral science. Trends Ecol Evol. 24:8–15.
  • Clausen J, Keck DD, Hiesey WM. 1948. Experimental studies on the nature of species. III. Environmental responses of climatic races of Achillea. Carnegie Inst Washington Publ. 581:1–125.
  • Cleland EE, Harpole WS. 2010. Nitrogen enrichment and plant communities. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1195:46–61.
  • Cornelissen JHC, Werger MJA, CastroDiez P, vanRheenen JWA, Rowland AP. 1997. Foliar nutrients in relation to growth allocation and leaf traits in seedlings of a wide range of woody plant species and types. Oecologia. 111:460–469.
  • Cornwell WK, Wright I, Turner J, Maire V, Barbour M, Cernusak L, Dawson T, Ellsworth D, Farquhar G, Griffiths H, et al. 2018. Climate and soils together regulate photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination within C3 plants worldwide. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 27:1056-1067.
  • Craine JM, Elmore AJ, Aidar MPM, Bustamante M, Dawson TE, Hobbie EA, Kahmen A, Mack MC, McLauchlan KK, Michelsen A, et al. 2009. Global patterns of foliar nitrogen isotopes and their relationships with climate, mycorrhizal fungi, foliar nutrient concentrations, and nitrogen availability. New Phytol 183:980–992.
  • Crawley MJ. 1986. Plant ecology. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Criddle RS, Hopkin MS, McArthur ED, Hansen LD. 1994. Plant distribution and the temperature coefficient of metabolism. Plant Cell Environ. 17:233–243.
  • Dale JE, Milthorpe FL. 1983. The growth and functioning of leaves. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
  • Dalling JW, Winter K, Andersen KM, Turner BL. 2013. Artefacts of the pot environment on soil nutrient availability: implicationsfor the interpretation of ecological studies. Plant Ecology. 214:329–338.
  • Depuydt S. 2014. Arguments for and against self and non-self root recognition in plants. Front Plant Sci. 5.
  • Diaz S, Cabido M. 2001. Vive la difference: plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes. Trends Ecol Evol. 16:646–655.
  • Diekmann M. 2003. Species indicator values as an important tool in applied plant ecology - a review. Basic Appl Ecol. 4:493–506.
  • Diekmann M, Falkengren-Grerup U. 1998. A new species index for forest vascular plants: development of functional indices based on mineralization rates of various forms of soil nitrogen. J Ecol. 86:269–283.
  • Dietrich L, Delzon S, Hoch G, Kahmen A. 2018. No role for xylem embolism or carbohydrate shortage in temperate trees during the severe 2015 drought. J Ecol. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13051
  • Donovan LA, Maherali H, Caruso CM, Huber H, de Kroon H. 2011. The evolution of the worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Trends Ecol Evol. 26:88–95.
  • Duursma RA, Barton CVM, Eamus D, Medlyn BE, Ellsworth DS, Forster MA, Tissue DT, Linder S, McMurtrie RE. 2011. Rooting depth explains CO2 x drought interaction in Eucalyptus saligna. Tree Physiol. 31:922–931.
  • Eissenstat DM. 1992. Costs and benefits of constructing roots of small diameter. J Plant Nutr. 15:763–782.
  • Eissenstat DM, Wells CE, Yanai RD, Whitbeck JL. 2000. Building roots in a changing environment: implications for root longevity. New Phytol. 147:33–42.
  • Engler A. 1913. Einfluss der Provenienz des Samens auf die Eigenschaften der forstlichen Holzgewächse. Mitteilungen Schweiz Centralanstalt für das forstliche Versuchswesen. 10:190–386.
  • Enquist BJ, Brown JH, West GB. 1998. Allometric scaling of plant energetics and population density. Nature. 395:163–165.
  • Epstein E, Bloom AJ. 2004. Mineral nutrition of plants. Sunderland: Sinauer.
  • Ernst W. 1978. Discrepancy between ecological and physiological optima of plant species. A re-interpretation. Oecol Plant. 13:175–188.
  • Evans LT, Dunstone RL. 1970. Some physiological aspects of evolution in wheat. Aust J Biol Sci. 23:725–741.
  • Evaristo J, Jasechko S, McDonnell JJ. 2015. Global separation of plant transpiration from groundwater and streamflow. Nature. 525:91–94.
  • Falkengren-Grerup U, Ericson L, Gunnarsson U, Nordin A, Rydin H, Wallen B. 2000. Does nitrogen deposition change the flora? In: Bertills U, Näsholm T, editors. Effects of nitrogen deposition on forest ecosystems. Vol. 5067, Swedish Env Prot Agency Report; p. 77–104.
  • Fenner M. 1998. The phenology of growth and reproduction in plants. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst. 1:78–91.
  • Flynn DFB, Wolkovich EM. 2018. Temperature and photoperiod drive spring phenology across all species in a temperate forest community. New Phytologist. doi:10.1111/nph.15232
  • Garnier E, Navas M-L, Grigulis K. 2015. Plant functional diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Givnish TJ. 2002. Adaptive significance of evergreen vs. deciduous leaves: solving the triple paradox. Silva Fenn. 36:703–743.
  • Granier C, Cookson SJ, Tardieu F, Muller B. 2007. Cell cycle and environmental stresses. In: Inzé D, editor. Cell cycle control and plant development. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; p. 335–355.
  • Grime JP. 1977. Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. Am Nat. 111:1169–1194.
  • Grime JP. 1979. Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. Chichester: John Wiley.
  • Gröger M. 2010. Sprengel or Liebig? Das Gesetz vom Minimum. Chemie in unserer Zeit. 44:340–343.
  • Grubb PJ. 1998. A reassessment of the strategies of plants which cope with shortages of resources. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst. 1:3–31.
  • Grubb PJ. 2016. Trade-offs in interspecific comparisons in plant ecology and how plants overcome proposed constraints. Plant Ecol Divers. 9:3–33.
  • Grünzweig JM, Körner C. 2001. Growth, water and nitrogen relations in grassland model ecosystems of the semi-arid Negev of Israel exposed to elevated CO2. Oecologia. 128:251–262.
  • Güsewell S. 2004. N:P ratios in terrestrial plants: variation and functional significance. New Phytol. 164:243–266.
  • Hättenschwiler S, Coq S, Barantal S, Handa IT. 2011. Leaf traits and decomposition in tropical rainforests: revisiting some commonly held views and towards a new hypothesis. New Phytol. 189:950–965.
  • He J-S, Bazzaz FA, Schmid B. 2002. Interactive effects of diversity, nutrients and elevated CO2 on experimental plant communities. Oikos. 97:337–348.
  • Hebeisen T, Lüscher A, Zanetti S, Fischer BU, Hartwig UA, Frehner M, Hendrey GR, Blum H, Nösberger J. 1997. Growth response of Trifolium repens L and Lolium perenne L as monocultures and bi-species mixture to free air CO2 enrichment and management. Glob Change Biol. 3:149–160.
  • Hill MO, Roy DB, Mountford JO. 2000. Extending Ellenberg’s indicator values to a new area: an algorithmic approach. J Ecol. 37:3–15.
  • Hirose T. 2005. Development of the Monsi-Saeki theory on canopy structure and function. Ann Bot. 95:483–494.
  • Hirose T. 2012. Leaf-level nitrogen use efficiency: definition and importance. Oecologia. 169:591–597.
  • Holbrook NM, Lund CP. 1995. Photosynthesis in forest canopies. In: Lowman MD, Nadkarni NM, editors. Forest Canopies. San Diego: Academic Press; p. 411–430.
  • Hooper DU, Vitousek PM. 1998. Effects of plant composition and diversity on nutrient cycling. Ecol Monogr. 68:121–149.
  • Humphries EC, Wheeler AW. 1963. The physiology of leaf growth. Annu Rev Plant Physiol. 14:385–410.
  • Huntley BJ, Ezcurra E, Fuentes ER, Fujii K, Grubb PJ, Haber W, Harger JRE, Holland MM, Levin SA, Lubchenco J, et al. 1991. A sustainable biosphere: the global imperative. Ecol Internat. 20:5–15.
  • Idso SB, Kimball BA. 1992. Effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on photosynthesis, respiration, and growth of sour orange trees. Plant Physiol. 99:341–343.
  • Inauen N, Körner C, Hiltbrunner E. 2012. No growth stimulation by CO2 enrichment in alpine glacier forefield plants. Glob Change Biol. 18:985–999.
  • Ingestad T. 1981. Nutrition and growth of birch and grey alder seedlings in low conductivity solutions and at varied relative rates of nutrient addition. Physiol Plant. 52:454–466.
  • Jackson RB, Canadell J, Ehleringer JR, Mooney HA, Sala OE, Schulze ED. 1996. A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes. Oecologia. 108:389–411.
  • Kattge J, Díaz S, Lavorel S, Prentice IC, Leadley P, Bönisch G, Garnier E, Westoby M, Reich PB, Wright IJ, et al. 2011. TRY - a global database of plant traits. Glob Chang Biol 17:2905–2935.
  • Kattge J, Knorr W, Raddatz T, Wirth C. 2009. Quantifying photosynthetic capacity and its relationship to leaf nitrogen content for global-scale terrestrial biosphere models. Glob Change Biol. 15:976–991.
  • Kawecki TJ, Ebert D. 2004. Conceptual issues in local adaptation. Ecol Let. 7:1225–1241.
  • Kerner A. 1864. Die Cultur der Alpenpflanzen. Innsbruck: Wagner’schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.
  • Kerner A. 1869. Die Abhängigkeit der Pflanzengestalt von Klima und Boden. Jahresversammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte. 43:29–45.
  • Kikuzawa K. 1996. Geographical distribution of leaf life span and species diversity of trees simulated by a leaf-longevity model. Vegetatio. 122:61–67.
  • Kollas C, Körner C, Randin CF. 2014. Spring frost and growing season length co- control the cold range limits of broad- leaved trees. J Biogeogr. 41:773–783.
  • Körner C. 1991. Some often overlooked plant characteristics as determinants of plant growth: a reconsideration. Funct Ecol. 5:162–173.
  • Körner C. 1993. Scaling from species to vegetation: the usefulness of functional groups. In: Schulze ED, Mooney HA, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Ecol studies. (Vol. 99), Berlin: Springer; p. 117–140.
  • Körner C. 1995. Towards a better experimental basis for upscaling plant responses to elevated CO2 and climate warming. Plant Cell Environ. 18:1101–1110.
  • Körner C. 2003a. Limitation and stress - always or never? J Veg Sci. 14:141–143.
  • Körner C. 2003b. Alpine Plant Life. Berlin: Springer.
  • Körner C. 2003c. Nutrients and sink activity drive plant CO2 responses - caution with literature-based analysis. New Phytol. 159:537–538.
  • Körner C. 2005. An introduction to the functional diversity of temperate forest trees. In: Scherer-Lorenzen M, Körner C, Schulze ED, editors. Forest diversity and function: temperate and boreal systms. Ecol studies 176. Berlin: Springer; p. 13–37.
  • Körner C. 2006a. Plant CO2 responses: an issue of definition, time and resource supply. New Phytol. 172:393–411.
  • Körner C. 2006b. Significance of temperature in plant life. In: Morison JIL, Morecroft MD, editors. Plant growth and climate change. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; p. 48–69.
  • Körner C. 2009. Responses of humid tropical trees to rising CO2. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 40:61–79.
  • Körner C. 2013. Plant-environment interactions. In: Bresinsky A, Körner C, Kadereit JW, Neuhaus G, Sonnewald U editors. Strasburger’s plant sciences. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; p. 1065-1166.
  • Körner C. 2015. Paradigm shift in plant growth control. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 25:107–114.
  • Körner C. 2017a. A matter of tree longevity. Science. 355:130–131.
  • Körner C. 2017b. When meta-analysis fails: a case about stomata. Glob Change Biol. 23:2533–2534.
  • Körner C, Basler D, Hoch G, Kollas C, Lenz A, Randin CF, Vitasse Y, Zimmermann NE. 2016. Where, why and how? Explaining the low-temperature range limits of temperate tree species. J Ecol. 104:1076–1088.
  • Körner C, Hiltbrunner E. 2018. The 90 ways to describe plant temperature. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 30:16–21.
  • Körner C, Farquhar GD, Roksandic Z. 1988. A global survey of carbon isotope discrimination in plants from high altitude. Oecologia. 74:623–632.
  • Kraft NJB, Valencia R, Ackerly DD. 2008. Functional traits and niche-based tree community assembly in an amazonian forest. Science. 322:580–582.
  • Kutschera L, Lichtenegger E. 1997.Wurzeln. Bewurzelung von Pflanzen in verschiedenen Lebensräumen. Wurzelatlas-Reihe, volume 5. Stapfia 49, Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, Linz.
  • Kutschera U, Niklas KJ. 2009. Evolutionary plant physiology: charles Darwin’s forgotten synthesis. Naturwissenschaften. 96:1339–1354.
  • Langlet O. 1971. Two hundred years genecology. Taxon. 20:653–722.
  • Langley JA, Hungate BA. 2014. Plant community feedbacks and long-term ecosystem responses to multi-factored global change. AOB Plants. 6:plu035.
  • Larcher W, Bauer H. 1981. Ecological significance of resistance to low temperature. In: Lange OL, Nobel PS, Osmond CB, Ziegler H, editors. Encyclopedia of plant physiology, new series 12A, physiological plant ecology I. Berlin: Springer; p. 403–437.
  • Larcher W. 2003. Physiological plant ecology. Berlin: Springer.
  • Larigauderie A, Körner C. 1995. Acclimation of leaf dark respiration to temperature in alpine and lowland plant species. Ann Bot. 76:245–252.
  • Lenz A, Hoch G, Vitasse Y, Körner C. 2013. European deciduous trees exhibit similar safety margins against damage by spring freeze events along elevational gradients. New Phytol. 200:1166–1175.
  • Leuschner C, Meier IC. 2018. The ecology of Central European tree species: traitspectra, functional trade-offs, and ecological classification of trees. Pers Plant Ecol Evol Syst. 33:89–103.
  • Leuzinger S, Luo Y, Beier C, Dieleman W, Vicca S, Körner C. 2011. Do global change experiments overestimate impacts on terrestrial ecosystems? Trends Ecol Evol. 26:236–241.
  • Levitt J. 1960. Freezing injury of plant tissue. Ann New York Acad Sci. 85:570–575.
  • Lonsdale WM, Watkinson AR. 1982. Light and self-thinning. New Phytol. 90:431–445.
  • Lütz C. 2012. Plants in alpine regions. Springer Wien New York.
  • Maunder MN.. 2008. Maximum sustainable yield. Encyclopedia of Ecology 2292–2296.
  • MacArthur R, Wilson EO. 1967. The theory of island biogeography (reprinted 2001). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Mahall BE, Callaway RM. 1992. Root communication mechanisms and intracommunity distributions of two Mojave Desert shrubs. Ecology. 73:2145–2151.
  • McConnaughay KDM, Berntson GM, Bazzaz FA. 1993. Plant responses to carbon dioxide. Nature. 361:24.
  • Metcalfe DJ, Grubb PJ, Metcalfe SS. 2002. Soil dilution as a surrogate for root competition: effects on growth of seedlings of Australian tropical rain forest trees. Funct Ecol. 16:223–231.
  • Mitchell PJ, Veneklaas EJ, Lambers H, Burgess SSO. 2008. Using multiple trait associations to define hydraulic functional types in plant communities of south-western Australia. Oecologia. 158:385–397.
  • Mitscherlich E. 1909. Das Gesetz des Minimum, das Gesetz des Abnehmenden Bodenertrages (The law of the minimum, the law of declining yield). Landw Jahrb. 38:537–552.
  • Monteiro JAF, Körner C. 2013. Leaf turnover and herbivory in the tall tussock grass Festuca orthophylla in the Andean Altiplano. Alp Bot. 123:13–20.
  • Mooney HA. 1986. Photosynthesis. In: Crawley MJ, editor. Plant ecology. Oxford: Blackwell; p. 345–373.
  • Mooney HA, Bjorkman O, Collatz GJ. 1978. Photosynthetic acclimation to temperature in the desert shrub, Larrea divaricata. I. Carbon dioxide exchange characteristics of intact leaves. Plant Physiol. 61:406–410.
  • Muller B, Pantin F, Genard M, Turc O, Freixes S, Piques M, Gibon Y. 2011. Water deficits uncouple growth from photosynthesis, increase C content, and modify the relationships between C and growth in sink organs. J Exp Bot. 62:1715–1729.
  • Niinemets U, Keenan TF, Hallik L. 2015. A worldwide analysis of within-canopy variations in leaf structural, chemical and physiological traits across plant functional types. New Phytol. 205:973–993.
  • Niinemets U, Valladares F. 2006. Tolerance to shade, drought, and water logging of temperate northern hemisphere trees and shrubs. Ecol Monogr. 76:521–547.
  • Niklaus P, Leadley PW, Stöcklin J, Körner C. 1998. Nutrient relations in calcareous grassland under elevated CO2. Oecologia. 116:67–75.
  • Norby RJ, Warren JM, Iversen CM, Medlyn BE, McMurtrie RE. 2010. CO2 enhancement of forest productivity constrained by limited nitrogen availability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107:19368–19373.
  • Nowak RS, Ellsworth DS, Smith SD. 2004. Functional responses of plants to elevated atmospheric CO2 - do photosynthetic and productivity data from FACE experiments support early predictions? New Phytol. 162:253–280.
  • Oleksyn J, Zytkowiak R, Karolewski P, Reich PB, Tjoelker MG. 2000. Genetic and environmental control of seasonal carbohydrate dynamics in trees of diverse Pinus sylvestris populations. Tree Physiol. 20:837–847.
  • Osmond CB, Austin MP, Berry JA, Billings WD, Boyer JS, Dacey JWH, Nobel PS, Smith SD, Winner WE. 1987. Stress physiology and the distribution of plants: the survival of plants in any ecosystem depends on their physiological reactions to various stresses of the environment. Bio Sci. 73:38–48.
  • Owensby CE, Ham JM, Knapp AK, Auen LM. 1999. Biomass production and species composition change in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem after long-term exposure to elevated atmospheric CO2. Glob Change Biol. 5:497–506.
  • Parent B, Tardieu F. 2012. Temperature responses of developmental processes have not been affected by breeding in different ecological areas for 17 crop species. New Phytol. 194:760–774.
  • Paruelo JM, Lauenroth WK. 1996. Relative abundance of plant functional types in grasslands and shrublands of North America. Ecol Appl. 6:1212–1224.
  • Patty L, Halloy SRP, Hiltbrunner E, Körner C. 2010. Biomass allocation in herbaceous plants under grazing impact in the high semi-arid Andes. Flora. 205:695–703.
  • Peace WJH, Grubb PJ. 1982. Interaction of light and mineral nutrient supply in the growth of Impatiens parviflora. New Phytol. 90:127–150.
  • Pereira JS. 1994. Gas Exchange and Growth. In: Schulze ED, Caldwell MM, editors. Ecophysiology of photosynthesis. Ecol studies. (Vol. 100), New York: Springer; p. 147–181.
  • Peters HA, Baur B, Bazzaz F, Körner C. 2000. Consumption rates and food preferences of slugs in a calcareous grassland under current and future CO2 conditions. Oecologia. 125:72–81.
  • Peterson AT, Soberon J, Pearson R, Anderson R, Martinez-Meyer EM, Nakamura M, Araujo MB. 2011. Ecological Niches and geographic distributions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Pianka ER. 1970. On r and K selection. Am Nat. 104:592–597.
  • Poorter H, Roumet C, Campbell BD. 1996. Interspecific variation in the growth response of plants to elevated CO2: a search for functional types. In: Körner C, Bazzaz FA, editors. Carbon dioxide, populations, and communities. San Diego: Academic Press; p. 375–412.
  • Poorter H, Fioriani F, Pieruschka R, Wojciechowski T, van der Putten WH, Kleyer M, Schuur U, Postma J. 2016. Pampered inside, pested outside? Differences and similarities between plants growing in controlled conditions and in the field. New Phytol. 212:838–855.
  • Poorter H, Niinemets Ü, Poorter L, Wright IJ, Villar R. 2009. Causes and consequences of variation in leaf mass per area (LMA): a meta-analysis. New Phytol. 182:565–588.
  • Poorter H, Niinemets U, Walter A, Fiorani F, Schurr U. 2010. A method to construct dose-response curves for a wide range of environmental factors and plant traits by means of a meta-analysis of phenotypic data. J Exp Bot. 61:2043–2055.
  • Poorter H, Niklas KJ, Reich PB, Oleksyn J, Poot P, Mommer L. 2012. Biomass allocation to leaves, stems and roots: meta-analyses of interspecific variation and environmental control. New Phytol. 193:30–50.
  • Prentice IC, Cramer W, Harrison SP, Leemans R, Monserud RA, Solomon AM. 1992. A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate. J Biogeogr. 19:117–134.
  • Pretzsch H. 2002. A unified law of spatial allometry for woody and herbaceous plants. Plant Biol. 4:159–166.
  • Raich JW, Nadelhoffer KJ. 1989. Belowground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems: global trends. Ecology. 70:1346–1354.
  • Reich PB. 2001. Body size, geometry, longevity and metabolism: do plant leaves behave like a animal bodies? Trends Ecol Evol. 16:674–680.
  • Reich PB, Hobbie SE, Lee TD, Pastore MA. 2018. Unexpected reversal of C-3 versus C-4 grass response to elevated CO2 during a 20-year field experiment. Science. 360:317–320.
  • Reich PB, Walters MB, Ellsworth DS. 1992. Leaf life-span in relation to leaf, plant, and stand characteristics among diverse ecosystems. Ecol Monogr. 62:365–392.
  • Richter S, Kipfer T, Wohlgemuth T, Guerrero CC, Ghazoul J, Moser B. 2011. Phenotypic plasticity facilitates resistance to climate change in a highly variable environment. Oecologia. 169:269–279.
  • Ritterbusch A. 1989. The measure of biological age in plant modular systems. Acta Biotheretica. 38:113–124.
  • Roth T, Kohli L, Rihm B, Achermann B.. 2013. Nitrogen deposition is negatively related to species richness and species composition of vascular plants and bryophytes in Swiss mountain grassland. Agric Ecosyst Environ 178:121–126.
  • Ryser P. 1996. The importance of tissue density for growth and life span of leaves and roots: a comparison of five ecologically contrasting grasses. Funct Ecol. 10:717–723.
  • Ryser P. 1996. The importance of tissue density for growth and life span of leaves and roots: a comparison of five ecologically contrasting grasses. Funct Ecol. 10:717–723.
  • Salmela MJ, Cavers S, Cottrell JE, Iason GR, Ennos RA. 2013. Spring phenology shows genetic variation among and within populations in seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Scottish Highlands. Plant Ecol Divers. 6:523–536.
  • Savage JA, Cavender-Bares J. 2013. Phenological cues drive an apparent trade-off between freezing tolerance and growth in the family Salicaceae. Ecology. 94:1708–1717.
  • Sax DF, Early R, Bellemare J. 2013. Niche syndromes, species extinction risks, and management under climate change. Trends Ecol Evol. 28:517–523.
  • Scheepens JF, Frei ES, Stöcklin J. 2010. Genotypic and environmental variation in specific leaf area in a widespread alpine plant after transplantation to different altitudes. Oecologia. 164:141–150.
  • Scherrer D, Bader MKF, Körner C. 2011. Drought-sensitivity ranking of deciduous tree species based on thermal imaging of forest canopies. Agric For Meteorol. 151:1632–1640.
  • Scherrer D, Körner C. 2011. Topographically controlled thermal-habitat differentiation buffers alpine plant diversity against climate warming. J Biogeogr. 38:406–416.
  • Schimel DS. 2013. Climate and Ecosystems. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Schimper AFW. 1898, 1903. Pflanzen-Geographie auf physiologischer Grundlage. G. Fischer, Jena (German, 1st edition). Plant-geography upon a physiological basis. English tranlation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Schlichting CD. 1986. The evolution of phenotypic plasticity in plants. Ann Rev Evol Syst. 17:667–693.
  • Schmid SF, Stöcklin J, Hamann E, Kesselring H. 2017. High-elevation plants have reduced plasticity in flowering time in response to warming compared to low-elevation congeners. Basic Appl Ecol. 21:1–12.
  • Schofield EJ, Rowntree JK, Paterson E, Brooker RW. 2018. Temporal dynamism of resource capture: amissing factor in ecology? Trends Ecol Evol. 33:277–xxx.
  • Schulze ED, Küppers M, Matyssek R. 1986. The roles of carbon balance and branching pattern in the growth of woody species. In: Givnish TJ, editor. On the economy of plant form and function. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press; p. 585–602.
  • Schulze ED, Kelliher FM, Körner C, Lloyd J, Leuning R. 1994. Relationships among maximum stomatal conductance, ecosystem surface conductance, carbon assimilation rate, and plant nitrogen nutrition: a global ecology scaling exercise. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 25:629–660.
  • Schulze ED, Williams RJ, Farquhar GD, Schulze W, Langridge J, Miller JM, Walker BH. 1998. Carbon and nitrogen isotope discrimination and nitrogen nutrition of trees along a rainfall gradient in northern Australia. Aust J Plant Physiol. 25:413–425.
  • Shipley B, De Bello F, Cornelissen JHC, Laliberté E, Laughlin DC, Reich PB. 2016. Reinforcing loose foundation stones in trait-based plant ecology. Oecologia. 180:923–931.
  • Silk WK, Erickson RO. 1979. Kinematics of plant growth. J Theoret Biol. 76:481–501.
  • Sitch S, Smith B, Prentice IC, Arneth A, Bondeau A, Cramer W, Kaplan JO, Levis S, Lucht W, Sykes MT, et al. 2003. Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model. Glob Change Biol. 9:161–185.
  • Smith TM, Shugart HH, Woodward FI. 1997. Plant functional types: their relevance to ecosystem properties and global change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Spehn EM, Hector A, Joshi J, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Bazeley-White E, Beierkuhnlein C, Caldeira MC, Diemer M, Dimitrakopoulos PG, et al. 2005. Ecosystem effects of biodiversity manipulations in European grasslands. Ecol Monogr. 75:37–63.
  • Spinnler D, Egli P, Körner C. 2002. Four-year growth dynamics of beech-spruch model ecosystems under CO2 enrichment on two different forest soils. Trees. 16:423–436.
  • Stephenson NL, Mantgem PJ. 2005. Forest turnover rates follow global and regional patterns of productivity. Ecol Lett. 8:524–531.
  • Sterner RW, Elser JJ. 2002. Ecological stoichiometry: the biology of elements from molecules to the biosphere. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Sultan SE. 1992. Phenotypic plasticity and the Neo-Darwinian legacy. Evol Trends in Plants. 6:61–71.
  • Talhelm AF, Pregitzer KS, Kubiske ME, Zak DR, Campany CE, Burton AJ, Dickson RE, Hendrey GR, Isebrands JG, Lewin KF, et al. 2014. Elevated carbon dioxide and ozone alter productivity and ecosystem carbon content in northern temperate forests. Glob Chang Biol. 20:2492–2504.
  • Tardieu F, Granier C, Muller B. 2011. Water deficit and growth. Co-ordinating processes without an orchestrator? Curr Opin Plant Biol. 14:283–289.
  • Thomas H, Sadras VO. 2001. The capture and garatuitous disposal of resources by plants. Funct Ecol. 15:3–12.
  • Tieszen LL, Senyimba MM, Imbamba SK, Troughton JH. 1979. The distribution of C3 and C4 grasses and carbon isotope discrimination along an altitudinal and moisture gradient in Kenya. Oecologia. 37:337–350.
  • Tilman D, Cowan LM. 1989. Growth of old field herbs on a nitrogen gradient. Funct Ecol. 3:425–437.
  • Tjoelker MG, Craine JM, Wedin D, Reich PB, Tilman D. 2005. Linking leaf and root trait syndromes among 39 grassland and savannah species. New Phytol. 167:493–508.
  • Tjoelker MG, Veneklaas EJ, Villar R, Ackerly DD, Baruch Z, Bongers F, Cavender-Bares J, Chapin T, Cornelissen JHC, Diemer M, et al. 2004. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature. 428:821–827.
  • Townsend AR, Asner GP, Cleveland CC. 2008. The biogeochemical heterogeneity of tropical forests. Trends Ecol Evo. 23:424–431.
  • Turesson G. 1922. The genotypical response of the plant species to the habitat. Hereditas. 3:211–350.
  • Turesson G. 1925. The plant species in relation to habitat and climate. Contributions to the knowledge of genecological units. Hereditas. 6:147–236.
  • Van Bodegom PM, Douma JC, Witte JPM, Ordonez JC, Bartholomeus RP, Aerts R. 2012. Going beyond limitations of plant functional types when predicting global ecosystem-atmosphere fluxes: exploring the merits of traits-based approaches. Ecol Biogeogr. 21:625–636.
  • Van der Heijden MGA, Klironomos J, Ursic M, Moutoglis P, Streitwolf-Engel R, Boller T, Wiemken A, Sanders I. 1998. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature. 396:69–72.
  • van der Heijden MGA, Wiemken A, Sanders IR. 2003. Different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter coexistence and resource distribution between co-occurring plant. New Phytol. 157:569–578.
  • Vicca S, Bahn M, Estiarte M, van Loon EE, Vargas R, Alberti G, Ambus P, Arain MA, Beier C, Bentley LP, et al. 2014. Can current moisture responses predict soil CO2 efflux under altered precipitation regimes? A synthesis of manipulation experiments. Biogeosciences 11:2991–3013.
  • Verbitsky VT, Verbitskaya TI.. 2007. Ecological optimum of ectothermic organisms: static-dynamic approach. Nature Precedings.
  • Vazquez JA, Givnish TJ. 1998. Altitudinal gradients in tropical forest composition, structure, and diversity in the Sierra de Mantalan. J Ecol. 86:999–1020.
  • Vitasse Y, Hoch G, Randin CF, Lenz A, Kollas C, Scheepens JF, Körner C. 2013. Elevational adaptation and plasticity in seedling phenology of temperate deciduous tree species. Oecologia. 171:663–678.
  • Vitasse Y, Lenz A, Kollas C, Randin CF, Hoch G, Körner C. 2014. Genetic vs. non-genetic responses of leaf morphology and growth to elevation in temperate tree species. Funct Ecol. 28:243–252.
  • Wahl S, Ryser P. 2000. Root tissue structure is linked to ecological strategies of grasses. New Phytol. 148:459–471.
  • Wang Q, Adiku S, Tenhunen J, Granier A. 2005. On the relationship of NDVI with leaf area index in a deciduous forest site. Remote Sens Environ. 94:244–255.
  • Warming EJB. 1895, 1909. Plantesamfund: grundtræk af den økologiske Plantegeografi (Danish, 1st edition 1895). Oecology of plants: an introduction to the study of plant-communities. English translation, 1909. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Weiner J, Freckleton RP. 2010. Constant final yield. Ann Rev Ecol Syst. 41:173–192.
  • West JB, Bowen GJ, Cerling TE, Ehleringer JR. 2006. Stable isotopes as one of nature’s ecological recorders. Trends Ecol Evol. 21:408–414.
  • Winter G, Otieno D, Cohen S, Bogner C, Ragowloski G, Paudet I,Klein T. 2018. Tree growth and water use in hyper-arid Acacia occurs during the hottest and driest season. Oecologia. 188:695-705.
  • Wright IJ, Reich PB, Cornelissen JHC, Falster DS, Garnier E, Hikosaka K, Lamont BB, Lee W, Oleksyn J, Osada N, et al. 2005. Assessing the generality of global leaf trait relationships. New Phytol. 166:485–496.
  • Wright IJ, Reich PB, Westoby M, Ackerly DD, Baruch Z, Bongers F, Cavender-Bares J, Chapin T, Cornelissen JHC, Diemer M, et al. 2004. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature. 428:821–827.
  • Woodward FI. 1992. Predicting plant responses to global environmental change. New Phytol 122:239–251.
  • Yang J, Cao M, Swenson NG. 2018. Why functional traits do not predict tree demographic rates. Trends Ecol Evol. 33:326–xxx.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.