Maize genetic diversity in traditionally cultivated polycultures in an isolated rural community in Mexico: implications for management and sustainability

References

• Aguirre-Gómez JA, García-Leaños ML. 2012. Manual de capacitación: selección para el mejoramiento de maíz criollo [Training manual: selection for maize landrace improvement]. SAGARPA, INIFAP, SNICS, SINAREFI. 4:40. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Álvarez-Buylla E, Carreón-García A, SanVicente-Tello A. 2011. Haciendo la milpa: la protección de las semillas y la agricultura campesina [Making the “milpa”: seed protection and peasant agriculture]. México (Distrito Federal): Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen R, Shrestha P, Otieno G, Nishikawa Y, Kasasa P, Andrew M. 2018. Community seed banks: sharing experiences from North and South. Kigali (Rwanda): Diversfood Publisher; p. 44.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson EC, Dunham KK. 2008. The influence of family groups on inferences made with the program Structure. Mol Ecol Resour. 8:1219–1229. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02355.x
   Google Scholar
• Bacchetti T, Micheletti A, Masciangelo S, Ferretti G. 2013. Carotenoids, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of five local italian corn (Zea Mays L.) kernels. J Nutr Food Sci. 3:1–4. doi:10.4172/2155-9600.1000237
   Google Scholar
• Bedoya-Salazar CA. 2013. Estudios de diversidad genética en poblaciones de maíz (Zea mays L.) evaluadas con microsatélites [Genetic diversity studies on maize populations (Zea mays L.) evaluated with microsatellites] [Dissertation]. Islas Baleares (España): Universitat de les Illes Balears; [accessed 2018 May 22]. http://dspace.uib.es/xmlui/handle/11201/2502. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Bellon MR, Berthaud J. 2004. Transgenic maize and the evolution of landrace diversity in Mexico. The importance of farmers’ behavior. Plant Physiol. 134:883–888. doi:10.1104/pp.103.038331
   Google Scholar
• Bellon MR, Hodson D, Hellin J. 2011. Assessing the vulnerability of traditional maize seed systems in Mexico to climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 108:13432–13437. doi:10.1073/pnas.1103373108
   Google Scholar
• Bellon R, Barrientos-Priego F, Colunga-GarcíaMarín P, Perales H, Reyes-Agüero J, Rosales-Serna R, Zizumbo-Villarreal D. 2009. Diversidad y conservación de recursos genéticos en plantas cultivadas [Diversity and conservation of the genetic resources from cultivated plants]. In: Sarukhán J, Dirzo R, March I, editors. Capital natural de México, Estado de conservación y tendencias de cambio [Natural Capital of Mexico, conservation status and change trends]. Vol. 2. México: CONABIO; p. 355–382. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Botstein D, White RL, Skolnick M, Davis RW. 1980. Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Am J Hum Genet. 32:314–331.
   Google Scholar
• Bracco M, Lia VV, Gottlieb AM, Cámara-Hernández J, Poggio L. 2009. Genetic diversity in maize landraces from indigenous settlements of Northeastern Argentina. Genetica. 135:39–49. doi:10.1007/s10709-008-9252-z
   Google Scholar
• Carrera-Valtierra JA, Ron-Parra J, de Sánchez-gonzález J, Jiménez-Cordero ÁA, Márquez-Sánchez F, Sahagún-Castellanos L, de Sesmas-garfias J, Sitt-Millán M. 2011. Integración del conocimiento tradicional en el mejoramiento de los maíces criollos de Michoacán [Integration of the traditional knowledge of maize landraces from Michoacan]. 1st ed. Mexico: Consejo Estatal de Ciencia y Tecnología de Michoacán.
   Google Scholar
• Chambers KJ, Brush SB. 2010. Geographic influences on maize seed exchange in the BajÍo, Mexico. Prof Geogr. 62:305–322. doi:10.1080/00330124.2010.483624
   Google Scholar
• CONABIO. 2012. Razas de maíz de México [Races of maize in Mexico]. [accessed 2019 June 20]. http://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/usos/maices/razas2012.html.
   Google Scholar
• da Silva Messias R, Galli V, dos Anjos e Silva SD, Rombaldi CV. 2014. Carotenoid biosynthetic and catabolic pathways: gene expression and carotenoid content in grains of maize landraces. Nutrients. 6:546–563. doi:10.3390/nu6020546
   Google Scholar
• Doria E, Daoudou B, Egal A, Oldewage-Theron W, Pilu R. 2015. Preliminary analysis and biochemical characterization related to health implications for African populations in some maize cultivars. A special look at the South African environment. HSOA J Food Sci Nutr. 1:100005. doi:10.24966/FSN-1076/100005
   Google Scholar
• Dyer GA, Taylor JE. 2008. A crop population perspective on maize seed systems in Mexico. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 105:470–475. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706321105
   Google Scholar
• Earl DA, vonHoldt BM. 2012. STRUCTURE HARVESTER: A website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Conserv Genet Resour. 4:359–361. doi:10.1007/s12686-011-9548-7
   Google Scholar
• El Mousadik A, Petit RJ. 1996. High level of genetic differentiation for allelic richness among populations of the argan tree [Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels] endemic of Morocco. Theor Appl Genet. 92:832–839.
   Google Scholar
• Engels J, Diulgheroff S, Sanz Alvarez J. 2014. Management of crop diversity: key practices for DRR implementers. InAlvarez JS, O'Brien E, (Series Coordinators), editors. Series: a field guide for disaster risk Reduction in Southern Africa: Key Practices for DRR Implementers. FAO. ISBN: 978-92-5-108330-7 (print); E-ISBN 978-92-5-108331-4 (PDF).
   Google Scholar
• Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J. 2005. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: A simulation study. Mol Ecol. 14:2611–2620. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x
   Google Scholar
• Excoffier L, Lischer HEL. 2010. Arlequin suite ver 3.5: A new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Mol Ecol Resour. 10:564–567. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x
   Google Scholar
• Fernández-Suárez R, Morales-Chávez L, Gálvez-Mariscal A. 2013. Importancia de los maíces nativos de México en la dieta nacional. Una revisión indispensable. Rev Fitotec Mex. 36(3–A):275–283.
   Google Scholar
• FIRA. 2016. Panorama agroalimentario maíz 2016 [Agro-feed panorama maize 2016]. [accessed 2018 November]. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/200637/Panorama_Agroalimentario_Ma_z_2016.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Garnier‐Géré P, Chikhi L. 2013. Population subdivision, Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and the Wahlund effect. eLS, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (Ed.). doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0005446.pub3
   Google Scholar
• González-Castro ME, Palacios-Rojas N, Espinoza-Banda A, Bedoya-Salazar CA. 2013. Diversidad genética en maíces nativos mexicanos tropicales [Genetic diversity of tropical native Mexican maize]. Rev Fitotec Mex. 36:329–338. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• González-Jácome A, Reyes-Montes L. 2014. El conocimiento agrícola tradicional, la milpa y la alimentación: el caso del Valle de Ixtlahuaca, Estado de México [The traditional agriculture knowledge, the “milpa” and feeding: the case of Ixtlahuaca Valley, Mexico State]. Rev Geogr Agrícola. 52–53:21–42. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Goudet J. 1995. FSTAT (version 1.2): A computer program to calculate F-statistics. J Hered. 86:485–486. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111627
   Google Scholar
• Herrera-Cabrera BE, Macías-López A, Díaz-Ruíz R, Valadez-Ramírez M, Delgado-Alvarado A. 2002. Uso de semilla criolla y caracteres de mazorca para la selección de semilla de maíz en México [Use of landraces seed and ear traits for seed selection of maize in Mexico]. Rev Fitotec Mex. 25:17–23. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Hildebrand CE, Torney DC, Wagner RP. 1992. Informativeness of polymorphic DNA markers. In: Grant-Cooper N, editor. Human genome project: deciphering the blueprint of heredity. 1st ed. Vol. 20. California: University Science Book; p. 100–102.
   Google Scholar
• Hwang T, Ndolo VU, Katundu M, Nyirenda B, Bezner-Kerr R, Arntfield S, Beta T. 2016. Provitamin A potential of landrace orange maize variety (Zea mays L.) grown in different geographical locations of central Malawi. Food Chem. 196:1315–1324. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.067
   Google Scholar
• Kahler AL, Shaw DV, Allard RW. 1989. Nonrandom mating on tasseled and detasseled plants in an open pollinated population of maize. Maydica. 34:15–21.
   Google Scholar
• Kamvar ZN, Tabima JF, Grünwald NJ. 2014. Poppr : an R package for genetic analysis of populations with clonal, partially clonal, and/or sexual reproduction. PeerJ. 2:e281. doi:10.7717/peerj.281
   Google Scholar
• Labeyrie V, Rono B, Leclerc C. 2014. How social organization shapes crop diversity: an ecological anthropology approach among Tharaka farmers of Mount Kenya. Agric Human Values. 31:97–107. doi:10.1007/s10460-013-9451-9
   Google Scholar
• Leyva-Madrigal KY, Larralde-Corona CP, Apodaca-Sánchez MA, Quiróz-Figueroa FR, Mexia-Bolaños PA, Portillo-Valenzuela S, Ordaz-Ochoa J, Maldonado-Mendoza IE. 2015. Fusarium species from the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex involved in mixed infections of maize in Northern Sinaloa, Mexico. J Phytopathol. 163(6):486–497.
   Google Scholar
• Liu K, Muse SV. 2005. PowerMarker: an integrated analysis environment for genetic marker analysis. Bioinformatics. 21:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Louette D. 1997. Seed exchange among farmers and gene flow among maize varieties in traditional. In: Serratos JA, Willcox MC, Castillo F, editors. Proceeding of a Forum. Gene flow among maize landraces, improved maize varieties, and teosinte: implications for transgenic maize. Mexico: INIFAP, CIMMYT, CNBA; p. 56–66.
   Google Scholar
• Louette D. 2000. Traditional management of seed and genetic diversity : what is a landrace? In: Brush SE, editor. Genes in the field. On farm conservation of crop diversity. 1st ed. Italy: IPGRI/IDRC/Lewis Publishers; p. 109–142.
   Google Scholar
• Louette D, Charrier A, Berthaud J. 1997. In situ conservation of maize in Mexico: genetic diversity and maize seed management in a traditional community. Econ Bot. 51(1):20–38.
   Google Scholar
• Matsuoka Y, Vigouroux Y, Goodman MM, Sanchez J, Buckler E, Doebly J. 2002. A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 99:6080–6084. doi:10.1073/pnas.052125199
   Google Scholar
• Peakall R, Smouse PE. 2012. GenALEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update. Bioinformatics. 28:2537–2539. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460
   Google Scholar
• Perales RH, Brush SB, Qualset CO. 2003. Dynamic management of maize landraces in Central Mexico. Econ Bot. 57:21–34.
   Google Scholar
• Perales RH, Golicher D. 2014. Mapping the diversity of maize races in Mexico. PLoS One. 9:(12):e114657. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114657
   Google Scholar
• Pilot M, Dabrowski MJ, Jancewicz E, Schtickzelle N, Gliwicz J. 2010. Temporally stable genetic variability and dynamic kinship structure in a fluctuating population of the root vole Microtus oeconomus. Mol Ecol. 19:2800–2812. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04692.x
   Google Scholar
• Pineda-Hidalgo KV, Méndez-Marroquín KP, Alvarez EV, Chávez-Ontiveros J, Sánchez-Peña P, Garzón-Tiznado JA, Vega-García MO, López-Valenzuela JA. 2013. Microsatellite-based genetic diversity among accessions of maize landraces from sinaloa in méxico. Hereditas. 150:53–59. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.2013.00019.x
   Google Scholar
• Prasanna BM. 2012. Diversity in global maize germplasm: characterization and utilization. J Biosci. 37:843–855. doi:10.1007/s12038-012-9227-1
   Google Scholar
• Pressoir G, Berthaud J. 2004. Patterns of population structure in maize landraces from the Central Valleys of Oaxaca in Mexico. Heredity (Edinb). 92:88–94. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800387
   Google Scholar
• Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P. 2000. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics. 155:945–959. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01758.x
   Google Scholar
• Register JI, Sullivan H, Yun Y, Cook D, Vaske D. 2001. A set of microsatellite markers of general utility in maize. Maize Genet Coop News Lett. 75:31–34.
   Google Scholar
• Reif JC, Warburton ML, Xia XC, Hoisington DA, Crossa J, Taba S, Muminović J, Bohn M, Frisch M, Melchinger AE. 2006. Grouping of accessions of Mexican races of maize revisited with SSR markers. Theor Appl Genet. 113:177–185. doi:10.1007/s00122-006-0283-5
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Montes G, Ariño A, Vizmanos JL, Wang J, Martínez-Solano I. 2017. Effects of sample size and full sibs on genetic diversity characterization: A case study of three syntopic Iberian pond-breeding amphibians. J Hered. 108(5):535–543. doi:10.1093/jhered/esx038
   Google Scholar
• Sangabriel Conde W, Maldonado Mendoza IE, Mancera López ME, Cordero Ramírez JD, Trejo-Aguilar D, Negrete-Yankelevich S. 2015. Glomeromycota associated with Mexican native maize landraces in Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Appl Soil Ecol. 87:63–71. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2014.10.017
   Google Scholar
• Sangabriel-Conde W, Negrete-Yankelevich S, Maldonado-Mendoza IE, Trejo-Aguilar D. 2014. Native maize landraces from Los Tuxtlas, Mexico show varying mycorrhizal dependency for P uptake. Biol Fert Soils. 50:405–414. doi:10.1007/s00374-013-0847-x
   Google Scholar
• Santacruz-Varela A, Widrlechner MP, Ziegler KE, Salvador RJ, Millard MJ, Bretting PK. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among North American popcorns and their evolutionary links to Mexican and South American popcorns. Crop Sci. 44:1456–1467. doi:10.2135/cropsci2004.1456
   Google Scholar
• Santos LFC, Andueza-Noh RH, Ruíz ES, Latournerie-Moreno L, Garruña R, Mijangos-Cortes JO, Martínez-Castillo J. 2017. Characterization of the genetic structure and diversity of maize (Zea mays L) landrace populations from Mexico. Maydica. 62:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Serna-Saldívar SO, Gutiérrez-Uribe JA, Mora-Rochin S, García-Lara S. 2013. Potencial nutraceútico de los maíces criollos y cambios durante el procesamiento tradicional y con extrusión [Nutraceutical potential of the maize landraces and changes during traditional processing and using extrussion]. Rev Fitotec México. 36:295–304. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Serratos-Hernández JA. 2009. El origen y la diversidad del maíz en el continente americano [The origin and diversity of maize in the american continent]. Greenpeace Mex. 36:1–18. Spanish. doi:10.1016/j.estger.2016.06.006
   Google Scholar
• Sharma L, Prasanna BM, Ramesh B. 2010. Analysis of phenotypic and microsatellite-based diversity of maize landraces in India, especially from the North East Himalayan region. Genetica. 138(6):619–631.
   Google Scholar
• Slatkin M. 1995. A measure of population subdivision based on microsatellite allele frequencies. Genetics. 139:457–462.
   Google Scholar
• Smouse PE, Peakall R. 1999. Spatial autocorrelation analysis of individual multiallele and multilocus genetic structure. Heredity. 82:561–573.
   Google Scholar
• Thrupp LA. 2000. Linking agricultural biodiversity and food security: the valuable role of agrobiodiversity for sustainable agriculture. Int Aff. 76:265–281. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.00133
   Google Scholar
• Toosi A, Rohan LF, Dekkers CMJ. 2018. Genome-wide mapping of quantitative trait loci in admixed populations using mixed linear model and Bayesian multiple regression analysis. Genet Sel Evol. 50:32.
   Google Scholar
• van Etten J, de Bruin S. 2007. Regional and local maize seed exchange and replacement in the western highlands of Guatemala. Plant Genet Resour-C. 5(2):57–70.
   Google Scholar
• van Heerwaarden J, Ross‐Ibarra J, Doebley J, Glaubitz JC, Sánchez-González J, Gaut BS, Eguiarte LE. 2010. Fine scale genetic structure in the wild ancestor of maize (Zea maysssp. parviglumis). Mol Ecol. 19:162–1173.
   Google Scholar
• Virdi JS, Sachdeva P. 2005. Genetic diversity of pathogenic microorganisms: basic insights, public health implications and the Indian initiatives. Curr Sci. 89:113–123.
   Google Scholar
• Wang J. 2018. Effect of sampling close relatives on some elementary population genetics analyses. Mol Ecol Resour. 18(1):41–54. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.12708
   Google Scholar
• Wasala KS, Prasanna BM. 2013. Microsatellite marker-based diversity and population genetic analysis of selected lowland and mid-altitude maize landrace accessions of India. J Plant Biochem Biotechnol. 22(4):392–400.
   Google Scholar
• Weir BS, Cockerham CC. 1984. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution (N Y). 38:1358. doi:10.2307/2408641
   Google Scholar
• Wright S. 1951. The genetical structure of populations. Ann Eugen. 15:323–354.
   Google Scholar
• Zizumbo-Villareal D, Colunga-GarcíaMarin P. 2008. El origen de la agricultura, la domesticación de plantas y el establecimiento de corredores biológico-culturales en Mesoamerica [The origin of agriculture, plant domestication and the establishment of biological-cultural corridors in Mesoamerica]. Rev Geogr Agrícola. 41:1–30. Spanish.
   Google Scholar