Multi-level learning in the governance of adaptation to climate change: the case of Bolivia’s water sector

References

• Adger, W. N., Adger, N. W., & Tompkins, E. L. (2005). Successful adaptation to climate change across scales. Global Environmental Change, 15(2), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.12.005
   Google Scholar
• Adger, W. N., Barnett, J., Brown, K., Marshall, N., & O'brien, K. (2013). Cultural dimensions of climate change impacts and adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 3(2), 112–117. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1666
   Google Scholar
• Aguirre, J. C., & Cooper, E. S. (2010). Evo Morales, climate change, and the paradoxes of a social-movement presidency. Latin American Perspectives, 37(4), 238–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X10376362
   Google Scholar
• Armitage, D. (2008). Governance and the commons in a multi-level world. International Journal of the Commons, 2(1), 7–32. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.28
   Google Scholar
• Armitage, D., Berkes, F., & Doubleday, N. (Eds.). (2010). Adaptive co-management: Collaboration, learning, and multi-level governance. UBC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Armitage, D., Berkes, F., Dale, A., Kocho-Schellenberg, E., & Patton, E. (2011). Co-management and the co-production of knowledge: Learning to adapt in Canada’s Arctic. Global Environmental Change, 21(3), 995–1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.04.006
   Google Scholar
• Baird, J., Plummer, R., Haug, C., & Huitema, D. (2014). Learning effects of interactive decision-making processes for climate change adaptation. GLobal Environmental Change, 27, 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.019
   Google Scholar
• Begum, R. A., Sarkar, M. S. K., Jaafar, A. H., & Pereira, J. J. (2014). Toward conceptual frameworks for linking disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 10, 362–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.10.011
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, C. J., & Howlett, M. (1992). The lessons of learning: Reconciling theories of policy learning and policy change. Policy sciences, 25(3), 275–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00138786
   Google Scholar
• Benson, D., Jordan, A., & Huitema, D. (2012). Involving the public in catchment management: An analysis of the scope for learning lessons from Abroad. Environmental Policy and Governance, 22(1), 42–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.593
   Google Scholar
• Berkhout, F., Hertin, J., & Gann, D. M. (2006). Learning to adapt: Organisational adaptation to climate change impacts. Climatic Change, 78(1), 135–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9089-3
   Google Scholar
• Burton, I., Bizikova, L., Dickinson, T., & Howard, Y. (2007). Integrating adaptation into policy: Upscaling evidence from local to global. Climate Policy, 7(4), 371–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2007.9685662
   Google Scholar
• Bustamante, R. (2004). The water war: Resistance against privatisation of water in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Revista de Gestão de Água da América Latina, 1(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.21168/rega.v1n1.p37-46
   Google Scholar
• Calzadilla, P. V., & Kotzé, L. J. (2018). Living in harmony with nature? A critical appraisal of the rights of Mother Earth in Bolivia. Transnational Environmental Law, 7(3), 397–424. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102518000201
   Google Scholar
• Crona, B., & Parker, J. (2012). Learning in support of governance: Theories, methods, and a framework to assess how bridging organizations contribute to adaptive resource governance. Ecology and Society, 17(1), https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-04534-170132
   Google Scholar
• Driessen, T. (2008). Collective management strategies and elite resistance in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Development, 51(1), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100453
   Google Scholar
• Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500107
   Google Scholar
• Folke, C., Hahn, T., Olsson, P., & Norberg, J. (2005). Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 30(1), 441–473. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144511
   Google Scholar
• Francou, B., Ribstein, P., Saravia, R., & Tiriau, E. (1995). Monthly balance and water discharge of an inter-tropical GLacier: Zongo GLacier, Cordillera real, Bolivia, 16°S. Journal of Glaciology, 41(137), 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022143000017767
   Google Scholar
• Fünfgeld, H. (2015). Facilitating local climate change adaptation through transnational municipal networks. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 12, 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.10.011
   Google Scholar
• Gerlak, A. K., & Heikkila, T. (2011). Building a theory of learning in collaboratives: Evidence from the everglades restoration program. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 21(4), 619–644. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muq089
   Google Scholar
• Getimis, P. (2003). Improving European Union regional policy by learning from the past in view of enlargement. European Planning Studies, 11(1), 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310303662
   Google Scholar
• Gleeson, B., Van Ewijk, E., Baud, I., Bontenbal, M., Hordijk, M., Van Lindert, P., & Leonardi, R. (2014). Policy learning in Europe: The open method of co-ordination and laboratory federalism. Journal of European Public Policy, 18(3), 529–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-5871.12115
   Google Scholar
• Gonzales-Iwanciw, J., Dewulf, A., & Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, S. (2020). Learning in multi-level governance of adaptation to climate change – a literature review. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 63(5), 779–797. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2019.1594725
   Google Scholar
• Hall, P. A. (1993). Policy paradigms, social learning, and the state: The case of economic policymaking in Britain. Comparative Politics, 25(3), 275–296. https://doi.org/10.2307/422246
   Google Scholar
• Haug, C., Huitema, D., & Wenzler, I. (2011). Learning through games? Evaluating the learning effect of a policy exercise on European climate policy. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78(6), 968–981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2010.12.001
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch, C. (2017). Makers and shapers of environmental policy making: Power and participation in forest legislation in Bolivia. Journal of Rural Studies, 50, 148–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.11.013
   Google Scholar
• Hooghe, L., & Marks, G. (2001). Types of multi-level governance. European integration online papers (EIoP). 5(11). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.302786
   Google Scholar
• Huitema, D., Cornelisse, C., & Ottow, B. (2010). Is the jury still out? Toward greater insight in policy learning in participatory decision processes – the case of Dutch citizens’ juries on water management in the Rhine Basin. Ecology and Society, 15(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03260-150116. Retrieved September 19, .2012, from http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss1/art16/
   Google Scholar
• Huntjens, P., Pahl-Wostl, C., Rihoux, B., Schlüter, M., Flachner, Z., Neto, S., Koskova, R., Dickens, C., & Nabide Kiti, I. (2011). Adaptive water management and policy learning in a changing climate: A formal comparative analysis of eight water management regimes in Europe, Africa and Asia. Environmental Policy and Governance, 21(3), 145–163. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.571
   Google Scholar
• Huntjens, P., Lebel, L., Pahl-Wostl, C., Camkin, J., Schulze, R., & Kranz, N. (2012). Institutional design propositions for the governance of adaptation to climate change in the water sector. Global Environmental Change, 22(1), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.015
   Google Scholar
• Kemper, E. A., Stringfield, S., & Teddlie, C. (2003). Mixed methods sampling strategies in social science research. In: A. Tashakkori, & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 273–296). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Kerber, W., & Eckardt, M. (2007). Policy learning in Europe: The open method of co-ordination and laboratory federalism. Journal of European Public Policy, 14(2), 227–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760601122480
   Google Scholar
• Kern, K., & Bulkeley, H. (2009). Cities, Europeanization and multi-level governance: Governing climate change through transnational municipal networks. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 47(2), 309–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2009.00806.x
   Google Scholar
• Leys, A. J., & Vanclay, J. K. (2011). Social learning: A knowledge and capacity building approach for adaptive co-management of contested landscapes. Land Use Policy, 28(3), 574–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.11.006
   Google Scholar
• Newig, J., & Fritsch, O. (2009). Environmental governance: Participatory, multi-level–and effective? Environmental Policy and Governance, 19(3), 197–214. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.509
   Google Scholar
• Pahl-Wostl, C., Craps, M., Dewulf, A., Mostert, E., Tabara, D., & Taillieu, T. (2007). Social learning and water resources management. Ecology and Society, 12, 2. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26267868
   Google Scholar
• Pahl-Wostl, C. (2009). A conceptual framework for analysing adaptive capacity and multi-level learning processes in resource governance regimes. Global Environmental Change, 19(3), 354–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.06.001
   Google Scholar
• Pahl-Wostl, C., Becker, G., Knieper, C., & Sendzimir, J. (2013). How multilevel societal learning processes facilitate transformative change: A comparative case study analysis on flood management. Ecology and Society, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05779-180458
   Google Scholar
• Pelling, M., High, C., Dearing, J., & Smith, D. (2008). Shadow spaces for social learning: A relational understanding of adaptive capacity to climate change within organisations. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 40(4), 867–884. https://doi.org/10.1068/a39148
   Google Scholar
• Persson, Å. (2008). Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into official development assistance: A case of international policy integration. EPIGOV Papers No. 36. Ecologic – Institute for International and European Environmental Policy.
   Google Scholar
• Ramírez, E., Francou, B., Ribstein, P., Descloitres, M., Guérin, R., Mendoza, J., Gallaire, R., Pouyaud, B., & Jordan, E. (2001). Small glaciers disappearing in the tropical Andes: A case-study in Bolivia: Glaciar Chacaltaya (16°S). Journal of Glaciology, 47(157), 187–194. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756501781832214
   Google Scholar
• Rantala, S., Hajjar, R., & Skutsch, M. (2014). Multilevel governance for forests and climate change: Learning from Southern Mexico. Forests, 5(12), 3147–3168. https://doi.org/10.3390/f5123147
   Google Scholar
• Reed, M. S., Evely, A. C., Cundill, G., Fazey, I., Glass, J., Laing, A., Newig, J., Parrish, B., Prell, C., Raymond, C., & Stringer, L. C. (2010). What is social learning? Ecology and Society, 15(4), resp1. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03564-1504r01
   Google Scholar
• Sabatier, P. A. (1988). An advocacy coalition framework of policy change and the role of policy–oriented learning therein. Policy sciences, 21, 129–168. doi: 10.1007/BF00136406
   Google Scholar
• Schout, A. (2009). Organizational learning in the EU's multi–level governance system. Journal of European Public Policy, 16(8), 1124–1144. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760903332613
   Google Scholar
• Soruco, A., Vincent, C., Rabatel, A., Francou, B., Thibert, E., Sicart, J. E., & Condom, T. (2015). Contribution of glacier runoff to water resources of La Paz city, Bolivia (16°S). Annals of Glaciology, 56(70), 147–154. https://doi.org/10.3189/2015AoG70A001
   Google Scholar
• Termeer, C. J., Dewulf, A., & Biesbroek, G. R. (2017). Transformational change: Governance interventions for climate change adaptation from a continuous change perspective. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 60(4), 558–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2016.1168288
   Google Scholar
• Tompkins, E. L., & Adger, W. N. (2005). Defining response capacity to enhance climate change policy. Environmental Science & Policy, 8(6), 562–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2005.06.012
   Google Scholar
• Tschakert, P., & Dietrich, K. A. (2010). Anticipatory learning for climate change adaptation and resilience. Ecology and Society, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03335-150211
   Google Scholar
• Wagnon, P., Ribstein, P., Georg, K., & Berton, P. (1999). Energy balance and runoff seasonality of a Bolivian Glacier. Global and Planetary Change, 22(1–4), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(99)00025-9
   Google Scholar