Precarious prospects? Exploring climate resilience of agricultural commercialization pathways in Tanzania and Zimbabwe

References

• Abegunde, V. O., Sibanda, M., & Obi, A. (2019). The dynamics of climate change adaptation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A review of climate-smart agriculture among small-scale farmers. Climate, 7(11), 132-1–132-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7110132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binswanger-Mkhize, H., & Moyo, S. (2012). Zimbabwe from economic rebound to sustained growth: Note II: Recovery and growth of Zimbabwe agriculture. World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Bloom, J. D. (2015). Standards for development: Food safety and sustainability in Wal-Mart’s Honduran produce supply chains. Rural Sociology, 80(2), 198–227. https://doi.org/10.1111/ruso.12060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, B., Thornton, P., Zougmore, R., van Asten, P., & Lipper, L. (2014). Sustainable intensification: What is its role in climate smart agriculture? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 8(1), 39–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARE. (2009). Climate vulnerability and capacity analysis. CARE International.
   Google Scholar
• Christiaensen, L., Demery, L., & Kuhl, J. (2011). The (evolving) role of agriculture in poverty reduction: An empirical perspective. Journal of Development Economics, 96(2), 239–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CIAT & World Bank. (2017). Climate-smart agriculture in Zimbabwe. CSA country profiles for Africa series. International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), p. 24.
   Google Scholar
• Conway, D., Nicholls, R. J., Brown, S., Tebboth, M. G. L., Adger, W. N., Ahmad, B., Biemans, H., Crick, F., Lutz, A. F., De Campos, R. S., Said, M., Singh, C., Zaroug, M. A. H., Ludi, E., New, M., & Wester, P. (2019). The need for bottom-up assessments of climate risks and adaptation in climate-sensitive regions. Nature Climate Change, 9(7), 503–511. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0502-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Janvry, A., & Sadoulet, E. (2010). Agricultural growth and poverty reduction: Additional evidence. The World Bank Research Observer, 25(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkp015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dercon, S. (1996). Risk, crop choice, and savings: Evidence from Tanzania. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 44(3), 485–513. https://doi.org/10.1086/452229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dercon, S., & Christiaensen, L. (2011). Consumption risk, technology adoption and poverty traps: Evidence from Ethiopia. Journal of Development Economics, 96(2), 159–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.08.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorosh, P. A., & Mellor, J. W. (2013). Why agriculture remains a viable means of poverty reduction in Sub-saharan Africa: The case of Ethiopia. Development Policy Review, 31(4), 419–441. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorward, A., & Giller, K. E. (2022). Change in the climate and other factors affecting agriculture, food or poverty: An opportunity, a threat or both? A personal perspective. Global Food Security, 33(100623), 4.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksen, S. H., Cramer, L. K., Vetrhus, I., & Thornton, P. (2019). Can climate interventions open up space for transformation? Examining the case of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in Uganda. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 3, 111. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00111
   Google Scholar
• FAO. (2013). Climate smart agriculture sourcebook. Food and Agriculture Organisation.
   Google Scholar
• Garwe, D. (2019). The history of tobacco breeding in Zimbabwe – A synopsis. In Presented at the CORESTA Agronomy and Leaf Integrity, Thytopathology and Genetics Conference, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 13–17 October.
   Google Scholar
• Giller, K. E., Delaune, T., Silva, J. V., Descheemaeker, K., van de Ven, G., Schut, A. G. T., van Wijk, M., Hammond, J., Hochman, Z., Taulya, G., Chikowo, R., Narayanan, S., Kishore, A., Bresciani, F., Teixeira, H. M., Andersson, J. A., & van Ittersum, M. K. (2021a). The future of farming: Who will produce our food? Food Security, 13(5), 1073–1099. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01184-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giller, K. E., Delaune, T., Silva, J. V., van Wijk, M., Hammond, J., Descheemaeker, K., van de Ven, G., Schut, A. G. T., Taulya, G., Chikowo, R., & Andersson, J. A. (2021b). Small farms and development in sub-saharan Africa: Farming for food, for income or for lack of better options? Food Security, 13(6), 1431–1454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01209-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanlon, J., Manjengwa, J. M., & Smart, T. (2013). Zimbabwe takes back its land. Kumarian Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, D. (2007). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hatibu, N., Lazaro, E. A., Mahoo, H. F., Rwehumbiza, F. B., & Bakari, A. M. (1999). Soil and water conservation in semi-arid areas of Tanzania: National policies and local practices. Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Science, 2(2), 151–170. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/tjags/article/view/115918
   Google Scholar
• Hulme, M. (2011). Reducing the future to climate: A story of climate determinism and reductionism. Kima, 26(1), 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1086/661274
   Google Scholar
• IFAD. (2016). Reversing land degradation trends and increasing food security in degraded ecosystems of semi-arid areas of Tanzania – GEF 9132. Detailed design report. Retrieved 20 February, 2022. https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/project_documents/05-15-17_Tanzania_LDFS_PDR_Report_Document_Clean_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• IISD. (2012). Cristal users manual version 5. International Institute FOR Sustainable Development.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. (2014). Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (C. B. Field, V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, K. J. Mach, M. D. Mastrandrea, T. E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K. L. Ebi, Y. O. Estrada, R. C. Genova, B. Girma, E. S. Kissel, A. N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P. R. Mastrandrea, & L. L. White, eds.). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. (2021). In V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, & B. Zhou (Eds.), Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (pp. 2391). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Isinika, A. C., & Jeckoniah, J. (2021). The political economy of sunflower in Tanzania: A case of Singida region (APRA Working Paper 49). Future Agricultures Consortium.
   Google Scholar
• Jayne, T. S., Sitko, N. J., Mason, N. M., & Skole, D. (2018). Input subsidy programs and climate smart agriculture: Current realities and future potential. In L. Lipper, N. McCarthy, D. Zilberman, S. Asfaw, & G. Branca (Eds.), Climate smart agriculture, natural resource management and policy (Vol. 52, pp. 251–273). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61194-5_12.
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson, L. L. O. N., Nightingale, A., & Thompson, J. (2018). ‘Triple wins’ or ‘triple faults’? Analysing the equity implications of policy discourses on climate-smart agriculture (CSA). The Journal of Peasant Studies, 45(1), 150–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2017.1351433
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilembe, C., Thomas, T. S., Waithaka, M., Kyotalimye, M., & Tumbo, S. (2013). Tanzania. In M. Waithaka (Ed.), East African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis. International Food policy Research Institute–IFPRI.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, N. (2014). This changes everything: Capitalism vs. the climate. Simon and Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhl, L. (2018). Potential contributions of market-systems development initiatives for building climate resilience. World Development, 108, 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwashirai, V. C. (2006). Dilemmas in conservationism in colonial Zimbabwe, 1890–1930. Conservation and Society, 4(4), 541–561.
   Google Scholar
• Leichenko, R., & O’Brien, K. (2008). Environmental change and globalization: Double exposures. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lipper, L., Thornton, P., Campbell, B. M., Baedeker, T., Braimoh, A., Bwalya, M., & Torquebiau, E. F. (2014). Climate-smart agriculture for food security. Nature Climate Change, 4(12), 1068–1072. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowder, S. K., Skoet, J., & Raney, T. (2016). The number, size, and distribution of farms, smallholder farms, and family farms worldwide. World Development, 87, 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguranyanga, C., Marozva, K., Scoones, I., & Shonhe, T. (2021). The political economy of land use and land cover change in Mvurwi area Zimbabwe, 1984–2018, APRA Working Paper 48, Brighton: Future Agricultures Consortium.
   Google Scholar
• Matondi, P. B. (2012). Zimbabwe’s fast track land reform. Zed Books Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Mdoe, N. S. Y., Mlay, G. I., Boniface, G., Isinika, A. C., & Magomba, C. (2021). Livestock, crop commercialisation and poverty reduction among rural households in the Singida Region, Tanzania. APRA Working Paper 65, Brighton: Future Agricultures Consortium.
   Google Scholar
• Mgeni, C. P., Muller, K., & Sieber, S. (2019). Sunflower value chain enhancements for rural economy in Tanzania: A village computable general equilibrium-CGE approach. Sustainability, 11(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, J. W. (2017). The capitalocene, Part I: On the nature and origins of our ecological crisis. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 44(3), 594–630. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1235036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutabazi, K., & Boniface, G. (2021). Commercialisation pathways and climate change: The case of smallholder farmers in semi-arid Tanzania. APRA Working Paper 77. Brighton: Future Agricultures Consortium.
   Google Scholar
• Newell, P., & Taylor, O. (2018). Contested landscapes: The global political economy of climate-smart agriculture. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 45(1), 108–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2017.1324426
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newsham, A. J., Kohnstamm, S., Naess, L. O., & Atela, J. (2018). Agricultural commercialisation pathways: Climate change and agriculture. APRA Working Paper 9, Brighton: Future Agricultures Consortium.
   Google Scholar
• Newsham, A. J., Shonhe, T., & Bvute, T. (2021). Commercial tobacco production and climate change adaptation in Mazowe, Zimbabwe. APRA Working Paper 64. Brighton: Future Agricultures Consortium.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, K. L., & Leichenko, R. M. (2000). Double exposure: Assessing the impacts of climate change within the context of economic globalization. Global Environmental Change, 10(3), 221–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-3780(00)00021-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulton, C., & Chinsinga, B. (2018). The political economy of agricultural commercialisation in Africa, APRA Working Paper 16, Brighton: Future Agricultures Consortium.
   Google Scholar
• Poulton, C., Dorward, A., & Kydd, J. (2010). The future of small farms: New directions for services, institutions, and intermediation. World Development, 38(10), 1413–1428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.06.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reardon, T., Barrett, C. B., Berdegué, J. A., & Swinnen, J. F. M. (2009). Agrifood industry transformation and small farmers in developing countries. World Development, 37(11), 1717–1727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.08.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribot, J. C., & Peluso, N. L. (2003). A theory of access. Rural Sociology, 68(2), 153–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.2003.tb00133.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherford, D. D., Burke, H. M., Cheung, K. K., & Field, S. H. (2016). Impact of an agricultural value chain project on smallholder farmers, households, and children in Liberia. World Development, 83, 70–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakata, Y. (2018). Reactions of peasants to global capital in Zimbabwe: A case study of tobacco contract farming in Mashonaland East Province. African Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue, 57, 121–145. https://doi.org/10.14989/233011
   Google Scholar
• Schaafsma, M., & Bell, A. (2018). Scaling up climate smart agriculture: Lessons from ESPA research. Working Paper 6, Edinburgh: Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation (ESPA) Programme.
   Google Scholar
• Scoones, I., Marongwe, N., Mavedzenge, B., Mahenehene, J., Murimbarimba, F., & Sukume, C. (2010). Zimbabwe’s land reform: Myths & realities. James Currey/Boydell & Brewer.
   Google Scholar
• Selby, J., Dahi, O. S., Fröhlich, C., & Hulme, M. (2017). Climate change and the Syrian civil war revisited. Political Geography, 60, 232–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shonhe, T. (2018). The political economy of agricultural commercialisation in Zimbabwe APRA Working Paper 12, Future Agricultures Consortium.
   Google Scholar
• Shonhe, T. (2021). COVID-19 and the political economy of tobacco and maize commodity circuits: Makoronyera, the ‘connected’ and agrarian accumulation in Zimbabwe, APRA Working Paper 55, Brighton: Future Agricultures Consortium.
   Google Scholar
• Shonhe, T., Scoones, I., & Murimbarimba, F. (2020). Medium-scale commercial agriculture in Zimbabwe: The experience of A2 resettlement farms. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 58(4), 601–626. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X20000385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitko, N. J., & Jayne, T. S. (2018). Integrating climate- and market-smartness into strategies for sustainable productivity growth of African agri-food systems, Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security Policy Research Papers 270643. Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Stringer, L. C., Fraser, E. D., Harris, D., Lyon, C., Pereira, L., Ward, C. F., & Simelton, E. (2020). Adaptation and development pathways for different types of farmers. Environmental Science & Policy, 104, 174–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.10.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Struik, P. C., & Kuyper, T. (2017). Sustainable intensification in agriculture: The richer shade of green: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 37(5), 39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-017-0445-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, M. (2018). Climate-smart agriculture: What is it good for? The Journal of Peasant Studies, 45(1), 89–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2017.1312355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, D. S., Twyman, C., Osbahr, H., & Hewitson, B. (2007). Adaptation to climate change and variability: Farmer responses to intra-seasonal precipitation trends in South Africa. Climatic Change, 83(3), 301–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9205-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TIMB. (2018). Timb annual statistical report. Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board.
   Google Scholar
• Timmer, C. P. (1988). The agricultural transformation. In H. Cheneo & T. N. Srinivasan (Eds.), Handbook of development economics (Vol. 1, pp. 275–331). Elsevier Science Publishers B.V..
   Google Scholar
• Tobacco Industry Marketing Board (TIMB). (2022). TIMB abridged strategic plan. Towards increased efficiency and long-term industry sustainability. TIMB.
   Google Scholar
• Tumbo, S. D., Mutabazi, K. D., Mourice, S. K., Msongaleli, B. M., Wambura, F. J., Mzirai, O. B., Kadigi, I. L., Kahimba, F. C., Mlonganile, P., Ngongolo, H. K., Sangalugembe, C., Rao, K. P. C., & Valdivia, R. O. (2020). Integrated assessment of climate change impacts and adaptation in agriculture: The case study of Wami River sub-basin, Tanzania. In J. I. Matondo, B. F. Alemaw, & Wennegouda Jean Pierre Sandwidi (Eds.), Climate variability and change in Africa (pp. 115–136). Springer International Publishing (Verlag).
   Google Scholar
• Ulrichs, M., Cannon, T., Newsham, A., Naess, L. O., & Marshall, M. (2015). Climate change & food security vulnerability assessment: Toolkit for assessing community-level potential for adaptation to climate change. In Ccafs working paper (Vol. 108). Institute of Development Studies.
   Google Scholar
• URT. (2016). Sunflower sector development strategy 2016-2020. National Bureau of Statistics, United Republic of Tanzania.
   Google Scholar
• URT. (2021). National sample census of agriculture 2019/20. National Bureau of Statistics, United Republic of Tanzania.
   Google Scholar
• USAID. (2017). Driving new investments into agriculture in Tanzania’s edible oils sector. Case study update.
   Google Scholar
• Vermeulen, S. J., Campbell, B. M., & Ingram, J. S. I. (2012). Climate change and food systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 37(1), 195–222. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts, M. (2015). Adapting to the anthropocene: Some reflections on development and climate in the west African sahel. Geographical Research, 53(3), 288–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-5871.12131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellard Dyer, K. (2013). Supporting small farmers to commercialise. CAADP Policy Brief 11. p. 12.
   Google Scholar
• Wilby, R. L., & Dessai, S. (2010). Robust adaptation to climate change. Weather, 65(7), 180–185. https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.543
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., & Davis, I. (2004). At risk: Natural hazards, people’s vulnerability and disasters. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2008). Agriculture for development. World development report. World Bank Group.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2015). Future of food: Shaping a climate-smart global food system. World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2021). World Bank climate change knowledge portal zimbabwe country profile climate data: Historical. https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/zimbabwe/climate-data-historical
   Google Scholar
• Yanda, P., Maganga, F., Liwenga, E., Kateka, A., Henku, A., Mabhuye, E., Malik, N., & Bavo, C. (2015). Tanzania: country situation assessment. Working Paper, PRISE Project. ODI, UK.
   Google Scholar
• ZINGSA. (2020). Technical report on revision of Zimbabwe agro-ecological zones. Government of Zimbabwe under Zimbabwe National Geospatial and Space Agency (ZINGSA).
   Google Scholar