“We are still here” climate change, gender and immobility in highly mobile Himalayan communities

References

• Abbasi, S. S., Anwar, M. Z., Habib, N., Khan, Q., & Waqar, K. (2019). Identifying gender vulnerabilities in context of climate change in Indus basin. Environmental Development, 31, 34–42. ISSN 2211-4645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2018.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, H. (2016). Why populations persist: Mobility, place attachment and climate change. Population and Environment, 37(4), 429–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-015-0246-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adger, W. N., Barnett, J., Chapin, F. S., & Ellemor, H. (2011). This must be the place: Underrepresentation of identity and meaning in climate change decision-making. Global Environmental Politics, 11(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adger, W. N., de Campos, R. S., Codjoe, S. N. A., Siddiqui, T., Hazra, S., Das, S., Adams, H., Gavonel, M. F., Mortreux, C., & Abu, M. (2021). Perceived environmental risks and insecurity reduce future migration intentions in hazardous migration source areas. One Earth, 4(1), 146–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.009
   Google Scholar
• Adger, W. N., Pulhin, J. M., Barnett, J., Dabelko, G. D., Hovelsrud, G. K., Levy, M., … Vogel, C. H., et al. (2014). Human security. In C. B. Field, V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, K. J. Mach, M. D. Mastrandrea, T. E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K. L. Ebi, Y. O. Estrada, R. C. Genova, B. Girma, E. S. Kissel, A. N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P. R. Mastrandrea, & L. L. White (Eds.), Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel of climate change (pp. 755–791). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ahsan, M. N., Khatun Fatema, Kumar Pankaj, Dasgupta Rajarshi, Johnson Brian Alan, Shaw Rajib, (2022). Promise, premise, and reality: The case of voluntary environmental non-migration despite climate risks in coastal Bangladesh. Regional Environmental Change, 22(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-021-01864-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altman, I., & Low, S. M. (1992). Place attachment. Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8753-4.
   Google Scholar
• Amundsen, H. (2015). Place attachment as a driver of adaptation in coastal communities in northern Norway. Local Environment, 20(3), 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2013.838751
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arlikatti, S., Maghelal, P., Agnimitra, N., & Chatterjee, V. (2018). Should I stay or should I go? Mitigation strategies for flash flooding in India. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 27, 48–56. ISSN 2212–4209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.09.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora-Jonsson, S. (2011). Virtue and vulnerability: Discourses on women, gender and climate change. Global Environmental Change, 21(2), 744–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aslany, M., Carling, J., Mjelva, M. B., & Sommerfelt, T. (2021). Systematic review of determinants of migration aspirations. University of Southampton, p. 66. https://www.prio.org/publications/12613
   Google Scholar
• Asthana, V. (2012). A gendered analysis of the Tehri Dam project. Economic and Political Weekly, 47(47/48), 96–102.
   Google Scholar
• Ayeb-Karlsson, S. (2020a). “I do not like her going to the shelter”: stories on gendered disaster (im)mobility and wellbeing loss in coastal Bangladesh. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 50, 101904. ISSN 2212-4209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101904
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayeb-Karlsson, S. (2020b). When the disaster strikes: Gendered (im)mobility in Bangladesh. Climate Risk Management, 29, 100237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2020.100237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Kniveton, D., & Cannon, T. (2020). Trapped in the prison of the mind: Notions of climate-induced (im)mobility decision-making and wellbeing from an urban informal settlement in Bangladesh. Palgrave Communications, 6(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0443-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee, A., Chen Ruishan, E. Meadows Michael, Singh R.B., Mal Suraj, Sengupta Dhritiraj, (2020). An analysis of long-term rainfall trends and variability in the Uttarakhand Himalaya using google earth engine. Remote Sensing, 12(4), 709. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040709
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee, S., Black, R., Kniveton, D., & Kollmair, M. (2014). The changing Hindu Kush Himalayas: Environmental change and migration. In E. Piguet, & F. Laczko (Eds.), People on the move in a changing climate: The regional impact of environmental change on migration (pp. 205–227). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6985-4_9.
   Google Scholar
• Bhadwal, S., Sharma, G., Gorti, G., & Sen, S. M. (2019). Livelihoods, gender and climate change in the eastern Himalayas. Environmental Development, 31, 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2019.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhagat, R. B. (2018). Climate change, vulnerability and migration in India. In S. Irudaya Rajan & R. B. Bhagat (Eds.), Climate change, vulnerability and migration, pp. 18–42). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315147741-2
   Google Scholar
• Bhattacherjee, A. (2012). Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices. Textbooks Collection. 3. North Charleston: Global Text Project. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/oa_textbooks/3 (Accessed: 16 June 2021)
   Google Scholar
• Bhusal, P., Kimengsi, J. N., & Raj Awasthi, K. (2021). What drives environmental (Non-)migration around the himalayan region? Evidence from rural Nepal. World Development Perspectives, 23, 100350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2021.100350
   Google Scholar
• Biswas, B., & Mallick, B. (2021). Livelihood diversification as key to long-term non-migration: Evidence from coastal Bangladesh. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(6), 8924–8948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-01005-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, R., Adger, W. N., Arnell, N. W., Dercon, S., Geddes, A., & Thomas, D. (2011). The effect of environmental change on human migration. Global Environmental Change, 21, S3–S11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, R., Arnell, N. W., Adger, W. N., Thomas, D., & Geddes, A. (2013). Migration, immobility and displacement outcomes following extreme events. Environmental Science & Policy, 27, S32–S43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, R., & Collyer, M. (2014). ‘Populations “trapped” at times of crisis’, p. 5.
   Google Scholar
• Blondin, S. (2021). Staying despite disaster risks: Place attachment, voluntary immobility and adaptation in Tajikistan’s Pamir mountains. Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences, 126, 290–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.08.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boas, I., de Pater, N., & Furlong, B. T. (2022). Moving beyond stereotypes: The role of gender in the environmental change and human mobility nexus. Climate and Development, 15(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2022.2032565
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogner, A., Littig, B., & Menz, W. (2009). Introduction: Expert interviews — An introduction to a New methodological debate. In A. Bogner, B. Littig, & W. Menz (Eds.), Interviewing experts (pp. 1–13). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230244276_1.
   Google Scholar
• Borderon, M., Best, K. B., Bailey, K., Hopping, D. L., Dove, M., & Cervantes de Blois, C. L. (2021). The risks of invisibilization of populations and places in environment-migration research. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1), 314. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00999-0
   Google Scholar
• Carling, J. (2002). Migration in the age of involuntary immobility: Theoretical reflections and Cape Verdean experiences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 28(1), 5–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830120103912
   Google Scholar
• Carling, J., & Schewel, K. (2018). Revisiting aspiration and ability in international migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6), 945–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1384146
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Census. (2011a). A-1 Number Of Villages, Towns, Households, Population And Area. Government of India, Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html
   Google Scholar
• Census. (2011b). Primary Census Abstract Data Tables (India & States/UTs - District Level) (Excel Format). India: Government of India, Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/DDW_PCA0000_2011_Indiastatedist.xlsx
   Google Scholar
• Census. (2011c). Primary Census Abstract Data Tables (India & States/UTs - Town/Village/Ward Level). India: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India. https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-UK.html
   Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, M. (2000). The public distribution system in India. Teaching Public Administration, 20(2), 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/014473940002000203
   Google Scholar
• Chauhan, N., Shukla, R., & Joshi, P. K. (2020). Assessing impact of varied social and ecological conditions on inherent vulnerability of himalayan agriculture communities. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 26(10), 2628–2645. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1675494
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chindarkar, N. (2012). Gender and climate change-induced migration: Proposing a framework for analysis. Environmental Research Letters, 7(2), 025601. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/2/025601
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cissé, G., Mc Leman, R., Adams, H., Aldunce , P., Bowen, K., Campbell-Lendrum, D, … Tirado, M. C., et al. (2022). Health, wellbeing, and the changing structure of communities. In H. O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, … B. Rama (Eds.), Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (pp. 1041–1170). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Clement, V., Rigaud, K. K., de Sherbinin, A., Jones, B., Adamo, S., Schewe, J., Sadiq, N., & Shabahat, E. (2021). Groundswell Part 2 : Acting on Internal Climate Migration. Washington, DC.: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/36248 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Third Edition. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Cundill, G., Singh, C., Adger, W. N., Safra de Campos, R., Vincent, K., Tebboth, M., & Maharjan, A. (2021). Toward a climate mobilities research agenda: Intersectionality, immobility, and policy responses. Global Environmental Change, 69, 102315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102315
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, L., Dutta, M., Mezghani, A., & Benestad, R. E. (2018). Use of observed temperature statistics in ranking CMIP5 model performance over the Western Himalayan region of India. International Journal of Climatology, 38(2), 554–570. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, L., & Meher, J. K. (2019). Drivers of climate over the Western Himalayan region of India: A review. Earth-Science Reviews, 198, 102935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102935
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Haas, H. (2021). A theory of migration: The aspirations-capabilities framework. Comparative Migration Studies, 9(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-020-00210-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dev, D. S., & Manalo, J. A. (2023). Gender and adaptive capacity in climate change scholarship of developing countries: A systematic review of literature. Climate and Development, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2023.2166781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dey, A. (2017). ‘Uttarakhand’s ghost villages: Abandoned farms, empty homes and very few people’, Scroll.in, 20 February. https://scroll.in/article/829726/dwindling-populations-barren-farm-land-abandoned-homes-haunt-uttarakhands-ghost-villages
   Google Scholar
• DoRD, GoI. (2011). Socio- Economic and Caste Census. Department of Rural Development, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. https://secc.gov.in/statewiseTypeOfHouseholdsReport?reportType=Type%20of%20Households
   Google Scholar
• Döringer, S. (2021). “The problem-centred expert interview”. combining qualitative interviewing approaches for investigating implicit expert knowledge. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 24(3), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2020.1766777
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durand-Delacre, D., Bettini, G., Nash, S. L., Sterly, H., Gioli, G., Hut, E., Boas, I., Farbotko, C., Sakdapolrak, P., de Bruijn, M., Tripathy Furlong, B., van der Geest, K., Lietaer, S., & Hulme, M. (2021). Climate migration Is about people, Not numbers. In S. Böhm, & S. Sullivan (Eds.), Negotiating climate change in crisis (pp. 63–82). Open Book Publishers. https://doi.org/10.11647/obp.0265.06.
   Google Scholar
• Erdal, M. B., & Oeppen, C. (2018). Forced to leave? The discursive and analytical significance of describing migration as forced and voluntary. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6), 981–998. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1384149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farbotko, C., Dun, O., Thornton, F., McNamara, K. E., & McMichael, C. (2020). Relocation planning must address voluntary immobility. Nature Climate Change, 10(8), 702–704. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0829-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farbotko, C., & McMichael, C. (2019). Voluntary immobility and existential security in a changing climate in the pacific. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 60(2), 148–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferdous, J., & Mallick, D. (2019). Norms, practices, and gendered vulnerabilities in the lower Teesta basin, Bangladesh. Environmental Development, 31, 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2018.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foresight. (2011). Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report. Government Office for Science, London, p. 234.
   Google Scholar
• Gautam, Y., & Andersen, P. (2016). Rural livelihood diversification and household well-being: Insights from Humla, Nepal. Journal of Rural Studies, 44, 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, N. A., & McKay, F. H. (2019). The public distribution system and food security in India. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(17), 3221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research. 5. paperback print. New Brunswick: Aldine Transaction.
   Google Scholar
• GoI. (2019). Status of health of ecosystem in the Indian Himalayan Region: A report under the National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem. Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/DST_Status%20of%20health%20of%20ecosystem%20in%20IHR%202.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Goodrich, C. G., & Namchu, C. V. (2019). Identities, affiliations and gendered vulnerabilities in the Mid-hills of West Bengal. Environmental Development, 31, 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2018.11.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodrich, C. G., Prakash, A., & Udas, P. B. (2019). Gendered vulnerability and adaptation in Hindu-Kush Himalayas: Research insights. Environmental Development, 31, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2019.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodrich, C. G., Udas, P. B., & Larrington-Spencer, H. (2019). Conceptualizing gendered vulnerability to climate change in The Hindu Kush Himalaya: Contextual conditions and drivers of change. Environmental Development, 31, 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2018.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, S., Barnett, J., Fincher, R., Hurlimann, A., Mortreux, C., & Waters, E. (2013). The social values at risk from sea-level rise. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 41, 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2013.02.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, C. L., & Mueller, V. (2012). Natural disasters and population mobility in Bangladesh. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(16), 6000–6005. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115944109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GU. (2014). Uttarakhand action plan on climate change: Transforming crisis to opportunity. Government of Uttarakhand.
   Google Scholar
• GU. (2017a). District at a Glance: Pauri Garhwal (2017). India: Government of Uttarakhand. https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s32f55707d4193dc27118a0f19a1985716/uploads/2018/04/2018040777.pdf
   Google Scholar
• GU. (2017b). Uttarakhand State Economic Survey 2016-17. India: Planning Commission, Government of Uttarakhand. http://des.uk.gov.in/files/Economic_Survey_2016-17.pdf
   Google Scholar
• GU. (2018a). Human Development Report of State of Uttarakhand. India: Department of Planning, Government of Uttarakhand.
   Google Scholar
• GU. (2018b). State of the Environment Report 2018. India: Uttarakhand Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board.
   Google Scholar
• GU. (2019). District at a Glance: Nainital (2019-20). India: Government of Uttarakhand. https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s36faa8040da20ef399b63a72d0e4ab575/uploads/2021/07/2021072461.pdf
   Google Scholar
• GU. (2020a). District at a Glance: Almora (2018-19). India: Government of Uttarakhand. https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s33a0772443a0739141292a5429b952fe6/uploads/2020/06/2020060288.pdf
   Google Scholar
• GU. (2020b). District at a Glance: Dehradun (2018-19). India: Government of Uttarakhand. https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3f770b62bc8f42a0b66751fe636fc6eb0/uploads/2020/06/2020060946.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Guest, G., Namey, E., & Chen, M. (2020). A simple method to assess and report thematic saturation in qualitative research. PLOS ONE., 15(5), e0232076. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guhathakurta, P., Sakharam Sanap, Preetha Menon, Ashwini Kumar Prasad, Neha Sangwan and SC Advani, (2020). Observed Rainfall Variability and Changes Over Uttarakhand State. ESSO/IMD/HS/Rainfall Variability/28(2020)/52. Indian Meteorological Department, p. 29. https://imdpune.gov.in/hydrology/rainfall%20variability%20page/uttarakhand_final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Horton, R. M., de Sherbinin, A., Wrathall, D., & Oppenheimer, M. (2021). Assessing human habitability and migration. Science, 372(6548), 1279–1283. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi8603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICIMOD. (2017). ‘De-populating Villages in the Kailash Sacred Landscape, India: Rethinking Policy Interventions’. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). https://lib.icimod.org/record/32595
   Google Scholar
• IDMC. (2018). Synthesizing the state of knowledge to better understand displacement related to slow onset events. Geneva, Switzerland: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/WIM%20TFD%20I.2%20Output.pdf
   Google Scholar
• IDMC. (2021). Global Report on Internal Displacemet-2021. Geneva, Switzerland: the International Displacement Monitoring Committee. https://www.internal-displacement.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/grid2021_idmc.pdf#page=42
   Google Scholar
• INRM. (2016). Climate Change Risks and Opportunities in Uttarakhand, India: Technical Report on District (Block) Level Vulnerability for Select Sectors. Deliverable#5 Draft Report. New Delhi, India: INRM Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• IOM. (2017). Making mobility work for adaptation to environment changes: Results from the MECLEP global research. International Organization for Migration. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/meclep_comparative_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• IOM. (2019). Marshallese perspectives on migration in the context of climate change. IOM.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press. (Summary for Policymakers).
   Google Scholar
• Isaac, R. K., & Isaac, M. (2017). Vulnerability of Indian agriculture to climate change: A study of the himalayan region state. International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 11(3), 236–242.
   Google Scholar
• Jain, A. (2010). Labour migration and remittances in Uttarakhand. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development.
   Google Scholar
• Joshi, B. (2018). Recent trends of rural out-migration and its socio-economic and environmental impacts in Uttarakhand Himalaya. Journal of Urban and Regional Studies on Contemporary India, 4(2), 1–14. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/222961853.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Kaul, V., & Thornton, T. F. (2014). Resilience and adaptation to extremes in a changing Himalayan environment. Regional Environmental Change, 14(2), 683–698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0526-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kc, K. B., Tzadok, E., & Pant, L. (2022). Himalayan ecosystem services and climate change driven agricultural frontiers: A scoping review. Discover Sustainability, 3(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-022-00103-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khandekar, N., Gorti, G., Bhadwal, S., & Rijhwani, V. (2019). Perceptions of climate shocks and gender vulnerabilities in the upper ganga basin. Environmental Development, 31, 97–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2019.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanian, M., Serpoush, B., & Gheitarani, N. (2019). Balance between place attachment and migration based on subjective adaptive capacity in response to climate change: The case of Famenin county in Western Iran. Climate and Development, 11(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2017.1374238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni, A., Patwardhan, S., Kumar, K. K., Ashok, K., & Krishnan, R. (2013). Projected climate change in The Hindu Kush–himalayan region by using the high-resolution regional climate model PRECIS. Mountain Research and Development, 33(2), 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00131.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lama, P., Hamza, M., & Wester, M. (2021). Gendered dimensions of migration in relation to climate change. Climate and Development, 13(4), 326–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2020.1772708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macchi, M., Gurung, A. M., & Hoermann, B. (2015). Community perceptions and responses to climate variability and change in the Himalayas. Climate and Development, 7(5), 414–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2014.966046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maharjan, A., de Campos, R. S., Singh, C., Das, S., Srinivas, A., Bhuiyan, M. R. A., Ishaq, S., Umar, M. A., Dilshad, T., Shrestha, K., Bhadwal, S., Ghosh, T., Suckall, N., & Vincent, K. (2020). Migration and household adaptation in climate-sensitive hotspots in south Asia. Current Climate Change Reports, 6(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-020-00153-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallick, B. (2019). The nexus between socio-ecological system, livelihood resilience, and migration decisions: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Sustainability, 11(12), 3332. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallick, B., Rogers, K. G., & Sultana, Z. (2022). In harm’s way: Non-migration decisions of people at risk of slow-onset coastal hazards in Bangladesh. Ambio, 51(1), 114–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01552-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallick, B., & Schanze, J. (2020). Trapped or voluntary? Non-migration despite climate risks. Sustainability, 12(11), 4718. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114718
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamgain, R., & Reddy, D. N. (2016). Out-migration from the hills of Uttarakhand: Magnitude, Challenges and Policy Options. India: National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj, Rajendranagar Hyderabad. http://nirdpr.org.in/nird_docs/srsc/srscrr261016-3.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mata-Codesal, D. (2017). Gendered (im)mobility: Rooted women and waiting penelopes. Crossings: Journal of Migration & Culture, 8(2), 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1386/cjmc.8.2.151_1
   Google Scholar
• McMichael, C., Farbotko, C., Piggott-McKellar, A., Powell, T., & Kitara, M. (2021). Rising seas, immobilities, and translocality in small island states: Case studies from Fiji and Tuvalu. Population and Environment, 43(1), 82–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-021-00378-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra, A. (2017). Changing temperature and rainfall patterns of Uttarakhand. International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources, 7(4), https://doi.org/10.19080/IJESNR.2017.07.555716
   Google Scholar
• Nature Climate Change. (2021). Powers of qualitative research. Nature Climate Change, 11(9), 717–717. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01153-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naudiyal, N., Arunachalam, K., & Kumar, U. (2019). The future of mountain agriculture amidst continual farm-exit, livelihood diversification and outmigration in the Central Himalayan villages. Journal of Mountain Science, 16(4), 755–768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-018-5160-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawrotzki, R. J., & DeWaard, J. (2018). Putting trapped populations into place: Climate change and inter-district migration flows in Zambia. Regional Environmental Change, 18(2), 533–546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1224-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negi, G. C. S., Prasanna K. S., Jagdish C. K., & Rajesh Kumar S., (2012). Impact of climate change on the western Himalayan mountain ecosystems: An overview. Tropical Ecology, 53(3), 345–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negi, V. S., Thakur, S., Dhyani, R., Bhatt, I. D., & Rawal, R. S. (2021). Climate change observations of indigenous communities in the Indian Himalaya. Weather, Climate, and Society, 13(2), 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-20-0077.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NFSP. (2021). Public Distribution System (PDS). India: National Food Security Portal, Department of Food & Public Distribution, Government of India. https://nfsa.gov.in/portal/PDS_page
   Google Scholar
• NMSHE. (2018). ‘Climate Vulnerability Assessment for the Indian Himalayan Region’, p. 51.
   Google Scholar
• Pandey, R. (2021). Male out-migration from the Himalaya: Implications in gender roles and household food (in)security in the Kaligandaki Basin, Nepal. Migration and Development, 10(3), 313–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2019.1634313
   Google Scholar
• Parsons, L. (2018). Structuring the emotional landscape of climate change migration: Towards climate mobilities in geography. Progress in Human Geography, 43(4): 670–690. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132518781011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathak, S., Pant, L., & Maharjan, A. (2017). De-population trends, patterns and effects in uttarakhand, India – A gateway to Kailash Mansarovar. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. http://lib.icimod.org/record/32787/files/icimodWP_22_017.pdf (Accessed: 11 June 2019)
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (2005). Qualitative Research. In Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science. American Cancer Society, https://doi.org/10.1002/0470013192.bsa514
   Google Scholar
• Paudel, B., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Rai, M. K., & Paul, P. K. (2021). ‘Climate change and Its impacts on farmer’s livelihood in different physiographic regions of the trans-boundary Koshi River Basin, Central Himalayas’. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 7142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pemberton, S., Tripathy Furlong, B., Scanlan, O., Koubi, V., Guhathakurta, M., Hossain, M. K., Warner, J., & Roth, D. (2021). “Staying” as climate change adaptation strategy: A proposed research agenda. Geoforum, 121, 192–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penning-Rowsell, E. C., Sultana, P., & Thompson, P. M. (2013). The “last resort”? population movement in response to climate-related hazards in Bangladesh. Environmental Science & Policy, 27, S44–S59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.03.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, C. A. R., Raju, B. M. K., Islam, A., Subba Rao, A. V. M., Rao, K. V., Ravindra Chary, G., Nagarjuna Kumar, R., Prabhakar, M., Sammi Reddy, K., Bhaskar, S., & Chaudhari, S. K. (2019). Risk and Vulnerability Assessment of Indian Agriculture to Climate Change. Hyderabad, India: ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, p. 144. http://www.nicra-icar.in/nicrarevised/images/publications/Risk%20&%20vulnerability%20assessment%20of%20Indian%20agriculture%20to%20climate%20change.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rao, N., Lawson, E. T., Raditloaneng, W. N., Solomon, D., & Angula, M. N. (2019). Gendered vulnerabilities to climate change: Insights from the semi-arid regions of Africa and Asia. Climate and Development, 11(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2017.1372266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, N., Mishra, A., Prakash, A., Singh, C., Qaisrani, A., Poonacha, P., Vincent, K., & Bedelian, C. (2019). A qualitative comparative analysis of women’s agency and adaptive capacity in climate change hotspots in Asia and Africa. Nature Climate Change, 9(12), 964–971. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0638-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RDMC. (2018). Interim Report on the Status of Migration in Gram Panchayats of Uttarakhand. Uttarakhand: India: Rural Development and Migration Commission, p. 93.
   Google Scholar
• Resurrección, B. P., Goodrich, C. G., Song, Y., Bastola, A., Prakash, A., Joshi, D., Liebrand, J., & Shah, S. A. (2019). In the shadows of the himalayan mountains: Persistent gender and social exclusion in development. In P. Wester et al. (Ed.), The Hindu Kush Himalaya assessment: Mountains, climate change, sustainability and people (pp. 491–516). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_14.
   Google Scholar
• Rigaud, K. K., Sherbinin, A. d., Jones, B., Bergmann, J., Clement, V., Ober, K., Schewe, J., Adamo, S., McCusker, B., Heuser, S., & Midgley, A. (2018). Groundswell: Preparing for internal climate migration. World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/29461
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, H., & Rubin, I. (2005). Qualitative interviewing (2nd ed.): The Art of hearing data. (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452226651
   Google Scholar
• Sakdapolrak, P., Borderon, M., & Sterly, H. (2023). The limits of migration as adaptation. A conceptual approach towards the role of immobility, disconnectedness and simultaneous exposure in translocal livelihoods systems. Climate and Development, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2023.2180318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sati, V. P. (2016). Patterns and implications of rural-urban migration in the Uttarakhand Himalaya, India. Annals of Natural Sciences, 2(1), 26–37.
   Google Scholar
• Sati, V. P. (2021). Out-migration in Uttarakhand Himalaya: Its types, reasons, and consequences. Migration Letters, 18(3), 281–295. https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v18i3.957
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2010). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schewel, K. (2020). Understanding immobility: Moving beyond the mobility bias in migration studies. International Migration Review, 54(2), 328–355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918319831952
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla, R., Gleixner, S., Yalew, A. W., Schauberger, B., Sietz, D., & Gornott, C. (2021). Dynamic vulnerability of smallholder agricultural systems in the face of climate change for Ethiopia. Environmental Research Letters, 16(4), 044007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abdb5c
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui, T., Bhagat, R. B., Banerjee, S., Liu, C., Sijapati, B., Memon, R., Thinley, P., Ito, M., Nemat, O., & Arif, G. M. (2019). Migration in The Hindu Kush himalaya: Drivers, consequences, and governance. In P. Wester et al. (Ed.), The Hindu Kush himalaya assessment: Mountains, climate change, sustainability and people (pp. 517–544). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_15.
   Google Scholar
• Small, M. L. (2009). “How many cases do I need?” On science and the logic of case selection in field-based research. Ethnography, 10(1), 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138108099586
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steimanis, I., Mayer, M., & Vollan, B. (2021). Why do people persist in sea-level rise threatened coastal regions? Empirical evidence on risk aversion and place attachment. Climate Risk Management, 34, 100377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100377
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suckall, N., Fraser, E., & Forster, P. (2017). Reduced migration under climate change: Evidence from Malawi using an aspirations and capabilities framework. Climate and Development, 9(4), 298–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2016.1149441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugden, F., Maskey, N., Clement, F., Ramesh, V., Philip, A., & Rai, A. (2014). Agrarian stress and climate change in the Eastern gangetic plains: Gendered vulnerability in a stratified social formation. Global Environmental Change, 29, 258–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.10.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suliman, S., Farbotko, C., Ransan-Cooper, H., Elizabeth McNamara, K., Thornton, F., McMichael, C., & Kitara, T. (2019). Indigenous (im)mobilities in the Anthropocene. Mobilities, 14(3), 298–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2019.1601828
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tebboth, M. G. L., Conway, D., & Adger, W. N. (2019). Mobility endowment and entitlements mediate resilience in rural livelihood systems. Global Environmental Change, 54, 172–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari, P. C. (2000). Land-use changes in Himalaya and their impact on the plains ecosystem: Need for sustainable land use. Land Use Policy, 17(2), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8377(00)00002-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari, P. C., & Joshi, B. (2012). Natural and socio-economic factors affecting food security in the Himalayas. Food Security, 4(2), 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-012-0178-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari, P. C., & Joshi, B. (2014). Environmental changes and their impact on rural water, food, livelihood, and health security in Kumaon Himalayas. Journal of Urban and Regional Studies on Contemporary India, 1(1), 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Tiwari, P. C., & Joshi, B. (2015). Climate change and rural Out-migration in himalaya. Change and Adaptation in Socio-Ecological Systems, 2(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1515/cass-2015-0002
   Google Scholar
• Tiwari, P. C., & Joshi, B. (2016). Gender processes in rural out-migration and socio-economic development in the Himalaya. Migration and Development, 5(2), 330–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2015.1022970
   Google Scholar
• Tripathy Furlong, B., Adams, H., Boas, I., Warner, J., & Van Dijk, H. (2022). Gendered (im)mobility: Emotional decisions of staying in the context of climate risks in Bangladesh. Regional Environmental Change, 22(4), 123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-022-01974-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNFCCC. (2011). ‘Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010’. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/docs/2010/cop16/eng/07a01.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNFCCC. (2016). ‘Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts’, in. Technical MeetingAction Area 6: Migration, Displacement and Human Mobility, Casablanca, Morocco, p. 22. https://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/groups_committees/loss_and_damage_executive_committee/application/pdf/excom_iom_technical_meeting_pillar_1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2018). ‘General Assembly Resolution 73/195, Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration A/RES/73/195 (19 December 2018)’, https://doi.org/10.5363/tits.7.8_44
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2021). Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration: Report of the Secretary-General. Seventy-sixth session, Agenda item 15 A/76/642. General Assembly, United Nations: United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Upadhyay, H., Vinke, K., Bhardwaj, S., Becker, M., Irfan, M., George, N.B., Biella, R., Arumugam, P., Murki, S. K., & Paoletti, E. “Locked Houses, Fallow Lands: Climate Change and Migration in Uttarakhand, India” 2021. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam and The Energy and Resources Institute (Teri), New Delhi. ISBN: 978-81-7993-6955.
   Google Scholar
• Vallabhaneni, M. R. (2015). Indian caste system: Historical and psychoanalytic views. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 75(4), 361–381. https://doi.org/10.1057/ajp.2015.42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vinke, K., Rottmann, S., Gornott, C., Zabre, P., Nayna Schwerdtle, P., & Sauerborn, R. (2022). Is migration an effective adaptation to climate-related agricultural distress in sub-saharan Africa? Population and Environment, 43, 319–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-021-00393-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ‘Why the Himalayas have so many ghost villages’. (2022). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xhg0JbFhM6g
   Google Scholar
• Wiegel, H., Boas, I., & Warner, J. (2019). A mobilities perspective on migration in the context of environmental change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 10(6), 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, C. (2014). Semi-Structured interviews. In Interview techniques for UX practitioners (pp. 23–41). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-410393-1.00002-8.
   Google Scholar
• Yates, O. E. T., Manuela, S., Neef, A., & Groot, S. (2021). Reshaping ties to land: A systematic review of the psychosocial and cultural impacts of pacific climate-related mobility. Climate and Development, 14(3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2021.1911775
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zickgraf, C. (2018). Immobility. In F. Gemenne, & R. McLeman (Eds.), Routledge handbook on environmental displacement and migration. 1st edn. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315638843.
   Google Scholar
• Zickgraf, C. (2021). Theorizing (im)mobility in the face of environmental change. Regional Environmental Change, 21(4), 126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-021-01839-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar