Greenhouse gas emissions from key infrastructure sectors in larger and smaller Chinese cities: method development and benchmarking

References

• Friedlingstein P, Andrew RM, Rogelj J et al. Persistent growth of CO2 emissions and implications for reaching climate targets. Nat. Geosci. 7, 709–715 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The World Bank. Urban population (% of total). (2015). http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS (Accessed 15 January 2015)
   Google Scholar
• United Nations, D.o.E.a.S.A., Population Division. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights. United Nations, New York (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy CA, Ibrahim N, Hoornweg D. Low-carbon infrastructure strategies for cities. Nat. Clim. Change 4, 343–346 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramaswami A, Chavez A. What metrics best reflect the energy and carbon intensity of cities? Insights from theory and modeling of 20 US cities. Environ. Res. Lett. 8, 035011 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavez A, Ramaswami A. Articulating a trans-boundary infrastructure supply chain greenhouse gas emission footprint for cities: mathematical relationships and policy relevance. Energy Policy 54, 376–384 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EPA A. Inventory of US greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990-2009. EPA 430-R-11-005 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Kenny JF, Barber NL, Hutson SS, Linsey KS, Lovelace JK, Maupin MA. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2005. US Geological Survey Reston, VA (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Ramaswami A, Hillman T, Janson B, Reiner M, Thomas G. A demand-centered, hybrid life-cycle methodology for city-scale greenhouse gas inventories. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 6455–6461 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkins K, Zurawski A. Infrastructure investment in China. RBA Bull. 27–36 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Seto KC, Dhakal S, Bigio A et al. Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga R, Sokona Y, Farahani E, Kadner S, Seyboth K, Adler A, Baum I, Brunner S, Eickemeier P, Kriemann B, Savolainen J, Schlömer S, von Stechow C, Zwickel T, Minx JC (Eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Hillman T, Ramaswami A. Greenhouse gas emission footprints and energy use benchmarks for eight US cities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 1902–1910 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavez A, Ramaswami A, Nath D, Guru R, Kumar E. Implementing trans-boundary infrastructure-based greenhouse gas accounting for Delhi, India. J. Ind. Ecol. 16, 814–828 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhakal S. Urban energy use and carbon emissions from cities in China and policy implications. Energy Policy 37, 4208–4219 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramaswami A, Weible C, Main D et al.. A Social‐Ecological‐Infrastructural Systems Framework for Interdisciplinary Study of Sustainable City Systems. J. Ind. Ecol. 16, 801–813 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BSI. Specification for the assessment of greenhouse gas emissions of a city by direct plus supply chain, and consumption-based approaches. BSI Standards Limited, London, United Kingdom (2012).
   Google Scholar
• ICLEI-USA Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability USA (2012). http://icleiusa.org/ghg-protocols/
   Google Scholar
• Chong WHB, Guan D, Guthrie P. Comparative analysis of carbonization drivers in China's megacities. J. Ind. Ecol. 16, 564–575 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geng Y, Peng C, Tian M. Energy use and CO2 emission inventories in the four municipalities of China. Energy Procedia 5, 370–376 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Kang J, Zhao T, Liu N, Zhang X, Xu X, Lin T. A multi-sectoral decomposition analysis of city-level greenhouse gas emissions: case study of Tianjin, China. Energy 68, 562–571 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang JY, Zhang Y, Yang ZF, Li SS. An estimation and factor decomposition analysis of energy-related carbon emissions in Beijing. Procedia Environ. Sci. 13, 1602–1608 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Guan D, Hubacek K, Weber CL, Peters GP, Reiner DM. The drivers of Chinese CO 2 emissions from 1980 to 2030. Global Environ. Change 18(4), 626–634 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubacek K, Guan D, Barrett J, Wiedmann T. Environmental implications of urbanization and lifestyle change in China: ecological and water footprints. J Cleaner Prod. 17(14), 1241–1248 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minx J, Baiocchi G, Wiedmann T et al. Carbon footprints of cities and other human settlements in the UK. Environ. Res. Lett. 8(3), 035039 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ala-Mantila S, Heinonen J, Junnila S. Relationship between urbanization, direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions, and expenditures: a multivariate analysis. Ecol. Econ. 104, 129–139 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin J, Liu Y, Meng F, Cui S, Xu L. Using hybrid method to evaluate carbon footprint of Xiamen City, China. Energy Policy 58, 220–227 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics. Beijing Statistical Yearbook, 2011. China Statistics Press, Beijing (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Xiamen Statistical Bureau, NBS Survey Office in Xiamen. Xiamen Special Economic Zone Statistical Yearbook. China Statistic Press, Beijing (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Qinhuangdao Statistic Bureau, NBS Survey Office in Qinhuangdao. Qinhuangdao Statistical Yearbook 2011. China Statistics Press, Beijing (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Wuxi Statistic Bureau, NBS Survey Office in Wuxi. Wuxi Statistical Yearbook 2011. China Statistics Press, Beijing, China (2013).
   Google Scholar
• ICLEI. US Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability USA (2012). http://icleiusa.org/ghg-protocols/
   Google Scholar
• Cohen E, and Ramaswami A. The water withdrawal footprint of energy supply to cities. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 18(1), 26–39 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. IPCC Guidelines of National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Hong J, Li X, Zhaojie C. Life cycle assessment of four municipal solid waste management scenarios in China. Waste Manage. 30, 2362–2369 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhi J, and Gao J. Analysis of carbon emission caused by food consumption in urban and rural inhabitants in China. Progress in geography 28, 1, 429–434 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Ke J, McNeil M, Price L, Khanna NZ, Zhou N. Estimation of CO2 emissions from China's cement production: methodologies and uncertainties. Energy Policy 57, 172–181 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ou X, Zhang X, Chang S. Alternative fuel buses currently in use in China: life-cycle fossil energy use, GHG emissions and policy recommendations. Energy Policy 38, 406–418 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Transportation of the People's Republic. China Transportation Statistical Yearbook 2011. People's Transport Press, Beijing, China (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Beijing Transportation Research Center. Beijng Transportation Development Research Annual Report 2011. Beijing Transportation Research Center, Beijing (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Beijing Construction and Development Center. Beijing Constrution Industrial Development Whitepaper, Beijing Municipal Commission of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Beijing (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Qinhuangdao Sludge Treatment Plant. Survey of Sludge Treatment. Qinhuangdao, China (Interview, July 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Qinhuangdao Wastewater Treatment Plant. Survey of Wastewater Treatment. Qinhuangdao, China (Interview, July 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Yixing Statistical Bureau, NBS Survey Office in Yixing. Yixing Statistical Yearbook 2013. Publishing House of Local Records, Beijing, China (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Yixing Water Supply Ltd. Introduction of Yixing Water Supply. Yixing, China (Interview, August 2014).
   Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics. China Statistical Yearbook. China Statistics Press, Beijing (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Feng C, Gao X, Wu J et al. Greenhouse gas emissions investigation for towns in China: a case study of Xiaolan. J. Cleaner Prod 103: 130–139 (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Liu L, Zhang B, Bi J, Wei Q, He P. The greenhouse gas mitigation of industrial parks in China: a case study of Suzhou Industrial Park. Energy Policy 46, 301–307 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Lei Y, Wang H, Liu M, Yang J, Bi J. Carbon reduction potentials of China's industrial parks: a case study of Suzhou Industry Park. Energy 55, 668–675 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu W, Pagani R, Huang L. CO2 emission inventories for Chinese cities in highly urbanized areas compared with European cities. Energy Policy 47, 298–308 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund H, Werner S, Wiltshire R, Svendsen S, Thorsen JE, Hvelplund F, Mathiesen BV. 4th Generation District Heating (4GDH): integrating smart thermal grids into future sustainable energy systems. Energy 68, 1–11 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez JE. Resource consumption of new urban construction in China. J. Ind. Ecol. 11, 99–115 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang H, Tanikawa H, Matsuno Y, Dong L. Modeling in-use steel stock in China's buildings and civil engineering infrastructure using time-series of DMSP/OLS nighttime lights. Remote Sens. 6, 4780–4800 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols BG, Kockelman KM. Life-cycle energy implications of different residential settings: recognizing buildings, travel, and public infrastructure. Energy Policy 68, 232–242 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song R, Zhu J, Hou P, Wang H.. Getting Every Ton of Emissions Right: An Analysis of Emission Factors for Purchased Electricity in China. World Resources Institute, Beijing (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Carnegie Mellon University Green Design Institute. Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA), China 2002 GHG emissions model. (2008). http://www.eiolca.net/ (Accessed 15 September 2015)
   Google Scholar
• Wang Q. Greenhouse gas emissions of the agricultural and livestock products in China. (2010). http://www.seiofbluemountain.com/upload/product/201010/2010dthy03a13.pdf (Accessed 15 September 2015)
   Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics of China. China Statistical Yearbook. China Statistics Press, Beijing (2011).
   Google Scholar