The carbon footprint of Chinese multinationals’ foreign affiliates

References

• UNCTAD. World Investment Report 2022: international tax reforms and sustainable investment. UNCTAD 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher KS, Qi Q. Chinese overseas investment policy: implications for climate change. Glob Policy. 2021;12(3):260–272. doi: 10.1111/1758-5899.12952.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voituriez T, Yao W, Larsen L. M. Revising the ‘host country standard’ principle: a step for China to align its overseas investment with the Paris agreement. Clim Policy. 2019;19:1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracy EF, Shvarts EA, Simonov E, et al. China’s new Eurasian ambitions: the environmental risks of the silk road economic belt. Eurasian Geogr Econ. 2017;58(1):56–88. doi: 10.1080/15387216.2017.1295876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copeland BR, Taylor MS. North-South trade and the environment. Q J Econ. 1994;109(3):755–787. doi: 10.2307/2118421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He J. Pollution haven hypothesis and environmental impacts of foreign direct investment: the case of industrial emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in Chinese provinces. Ecol Econ. 2006;60(1):228–245. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.12.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinson A, Taylor MS. Unmasking the pollution haven effect. Int Economic Rev. 2008;49(1):223–254. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2354.2008.00478.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng D, Zhao L. Pollution havens and industrial agglomeration. J Environ Econ Manag. 2009;58(2):141–153. doi: 10.1016/j.jeem.2008.09.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung S. Environmental regulation and foreign direct investment: evidence from South Korea. J Devel Econ. 2014;108:222–236. doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.01.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahbaz M, Nasir MA, Roubaud D. Environmental degradation in France: the effects of FDI, financial development, and energy innovations. Energy Econ. 2018;74:843–857. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2018.07.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng Z, Li L, Liu J. The impact of foreign direct investment on urban PM2.5 pollution in China. J Environ Manage. 2020;265:110532. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khurram S, Liu X, Sarfraz M. Envisaging the asymmetrical association among FDI, ICT, and climate change: a case from developing country. Carbon Manag. 2021;12:1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singhania M, Saini N. Demystifying pollution haven hypothesis: role of FDI. J Bus Res. 2021;123:516–528. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad M, Jabeen G, Wu Y, et al. Heterogeneity of pollution haven/halo hypothesis and environmental kuznets curve hypothesis across development levels of Chinese provinces. J Clean Prod. 2021;285:124898. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124898.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole MA, Elliott RJR, Strobl E. The environmental performance of firms: the role of foreign ownership, training, and experience. Ecol Econ. 2008;65(3):538–546. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Mulali U, Foon Tang C. Investigating the validity of pollution haven hypothesis in the Gulf cooperation council (GCC) countries. Energy Policy. 2013;60:813–819. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albornoz F, Cole MA, Elliott RJR, et al. The environmental actions of firms: examining the role of spillovers, networks and absorptive capacity. J Environ Manage. 2014;146:150–163. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang J, Chen X, Huang B, et al. Economic and environmental impacts of foreign direct investment in China: a spatial spillover analysis. China Econ Rev. 2017;45:289–309. doi: 10.1016/j.chieco.2016.03.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bu M, Li S, Jiang L. Foreign direct investment and energy intensity in China: firm-level evidence. Energy Econ. 2019;80:366–376. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2019.01.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan R, Xu M, Qiao G, et al. FDI, financial market development and nonlinearities of energy and environmental efficiency in China: evidence from both parametric and nonparametric models. Energy Econ. 2023;119:106580. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamal M, Ullah A, Qureshi F, et al. China’s outward FDI and environmental sustainability in belt and road countries: does the quality of institutions matter? J Environ Planning Manag. 2023;66(5):1002–1036. doi: 10.1080/09640568.2021.2008883.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z-B, Dong W-Y, Tang Z-Y, et al. The carbon reduction effect of China’s outward foreign direct investment for carbon neutrality target. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022;29(55):83956–83968. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-21712-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han L, Han B, Shi X, et al. Energy efficiency convergence across countries in the context of china’s belt and road initiative. Appl Energy. 2018;213:112–122. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.01.030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu H, Ren S, Yan G, et al. Does China’s outward direct investment improve green total factor productivity in the “belt and road” countries? Evidence from dynamic threshold panel model analysis. J Environ Manage. 2020;275:111295. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang Q, Yang C, Wu J, et al. Examining the role of China’s outward direct investment in realizing carbon neutrality: empirical evidence from belt and road countries. Int J Emerg Mark. 2022;(3). doi: 10.1108/IJOEM-09-2021-1492.
   Google Scholar
• López L-A, Cadarso M-Á, Zafrilla J, et al. The carbon footprint of the U.S. multinationals’ foreign affiliates. Nat Comm. 2019;10(1):1672.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ortiz M, Cadarso MÁ, Lopez L. The carbon footprint of foreign multinationals within the European union. J Ind Ecol. 2020;24(6):1287–1299. doi: 10.1111/jiec.13017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan Y, Wang R, Chen S, et al. Mapping carbon footprint along global value chains: a study based on firm heterogeneity in China. Struct Change Econ Dyn. 2022;61:398–408. doi: 10.1016/j.strueco.2022.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Guan D, Wang R, et al. Embodied carbon emissions in the supply chains of multinational enterprises. Nat Clim Chang. 2020;10(12):1096–1101. doi: 10.1038/s41558-020-0895-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan Y, Li X, Wang R, et al. Decomposing the carbon footprints of multinational enterprises along global value chains. Struct Change Econ Dyn. 2023;66:13–28. doi: 10.1016/j.strueco.2023.03.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan Y, Jiang X. Pollution haven or pollution halo? A re-evaluation on the role of multinational enterprises in global CO2 emissions. Energy Econ. 2021;97:105181. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz M, Cadarso M-Á, López L-A, et al. The trade-off between the economic and environmental footprints of multinationals’ foreign affiliates. Struct Change Econ Dyn. 2022;62:85–97. doi: 10.1016/j.strueco.2022.05.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller RE, Blair PD. Input-output analysis: foundations and extensions. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Wiedmann T. A review of recent multi-region input–output models used for consumption-based emission and resource accounting. Ecol Econ. 2009;69(2):211–222. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.08.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Dietzenbacher E. A structural decomposition analysis of the emissions embodied in trade. Ecol Econ. 2014;101:10–20. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.02.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su B, Ang BW. Structural decomposition analysis applied to energy and emissions: some methodological developments. Energy Econ. 2012;34(1):177–188. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2011.10.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan J, Malik A, Lenzen M, et al. A structural decomposition analysis of global energy footprints. Appl Energy. 2016;163:436–451. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietzenbacher E, Los B. Structural decomposition techniques: sense and sensitivity. Econ Syst Res. 1998;10(4):307–324. doi: 10.1080/09535319800000023.
   Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Meng B, Hubacek K, et al. Made in china’: a reevaluation of embodied CO2 emissions in Chinese exports using firm heterogeneity information. Appl Energy. 2016;184:1106–1113. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.088.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar