Behavioral measures of implicit theory of mind in adults with high functioning autism

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Apperly, I. A., & Butterfill, S. A. (2009). Do humans have two systems to track beliefs and belief-like states? Psychological Review, 116, 953–970. doi:10.1037/a0016923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baillargeon, R., Scott, R. M., & He, Z. (2010). False-belief understanding in infants. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(3), 110–118. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.12.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997). Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(7), 813–822. doi:10.1111/jcpp.1997.38.issue-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition, 21(1), 37–46. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001). The Autism-spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger syndrome/high functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(1), 5–17. doi:10.1023/A:1005653411471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begeer, S., Bernstein, D. M., Van Wijhe, J., Scheeren, A. M., & Koot, H. M. (2012). A continuous false belief task reveals egocentric biases in children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Autism, 16(4), 357–366. doi:10.1177/1362361311434545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callenmark, B., Kjellin, L., Rönnqvist, L., & Bölte, S. (2013). Explicit versus implicit social cognition testing in autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 18(6), 684–693. doi:10.1177/1362361313492393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements, W. A., & Perner, J. (1994). Implicit understanding of belief. Cognitive Development, 9, 377–395. doi:10.1016/0885-2014(94)90012-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costantino, J. N., & Gruber, C. P. (2005). Social responsiveness scale (SRS). Manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
   Google Scholar
• Deschrijver, E., Wiersema, J. R., & Brass, M. (2015, May 22). Action-based touch in high-functioning autism: Can compromised self-other distinction abilities link social and sensory difficulties in the autism spectrum? 11th National Congress of the Belgian Society for Neuroscience, Mons.
   Google Scholar
• Frith, U. (2001). Mind blindness and the brain in autism. Neuron, 32, 969–979. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00552-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Happé, F. G. E. (1995). The role of age and verbal ability in the theory of mind task performance of subjects with autism. Child Development, 66 (3), 843–855. doi:10.2307/1131954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koster-Hale, J., & Saxe, R. (2013). Theory of mind: A neural prediction problem. Neuron, 79, 806–848.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovács, A. M., Kühn, S., Gergely, G., Csibra, G., & Brass, M. (2014). Are all beliefs equal? Implicit belief attributions recruiting core brain regions of theory of mind. PLoS One, 9(9), 1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovács, Á. M., Téglás, E., & Endress, A. D. (2010). The social sense: Susceptibility to others’ beliefs in human infants and adults. Science, 330, 1830–1834. doi:10.1126/science.1190792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., & Risi, S. (1999). Autism diagnostic observation schedule: Manual. Los Angeles, CA: WPS.
   Google Scholar
• Lord, C., Rutter, M., Goode, S., Heemsbergen, J., Jordan, H., Mawhood, L., & Schopler, E. (1989). Austism diagnostic observation schedule: A standardized observation of communicative and social behavior. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 185–212. doi:10.1007/BF02211841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low, J., & Watts, J. (2013). Attributing false beliefs about object identity reveals a signature blind spot in humans’ efficient mind-reading system. Psychological Science, 24(3), 305–311. doi:10.1177/0956797612451469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnée, J. C. M., de Gelder, B., van Engeland, H., & Kemner, C. (2008). Audiovisual speech integration in pervasive developmental disorder: Evidence from event-related potentials. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(9), 995–1000. doi:10.1111/jcpp.2008.49.issue-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minshew, N. J., Turner, C. A., & Goldstein, G. (2005). The application of short forms of the Wechsler Intelligence scales in adults and children with high functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(1), 45–52. doi:10.1007/s10803-004-1030-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, M. J. (2010). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the context of autism spectrum disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12, 382–388. doi:10.1007/s11920-010-0145-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijhof, A., Bardi, L., Wiersema, R., & Brass, M. (in prep.) Measuring mentalizing ability: a within-subject comparison between an explicit and implicit version of a ball detection task.
   Google Scholar
• Noens, I., De la Marche, W., & Scholte, E. (2012). SRS-A. Screeningslijst voor autismespectrumstoornissen. Amsterdam: Hogrefe.
   Google Scholar
• Onishi, K. H., & Baillargeon, R. (2005). Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs? Science, 308(5719), 255–258. doi:10.1126/science.1107621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perner, J., Frith, U., Leslie, A. M., & Leekam, S. R. (1989). Exploration of the autistic child’s theory of mind: Knowledge, belief and communication. Child Development, 60, 688–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, C. C., & Slaughter, V. P. (2007). Social maturity and theory of mind in typically developing children and those on the autism spectrum. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48 (12), 1243–1250. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01810.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice, K., & Redcay, E. (2014). Spontaneous mentalizing captures variability in the cortical thickness of social brain regions. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. Advance online publication. PMID: 24847726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblau, G., Kliemann, D., Heekeren, H., & Dziobek, I. (2013). Approximating implicit and explicit mentalizing with two naturalistic video-based tasks in typical development and autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders. Advance online publication. PMID: 25267068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russel, J., & Hill, E. L. (2001). Action-monitoring and intention reporting in children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(3), 317–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheeren, A. M., de Rosnay, M., Koot, H., & Begeer, S. (2013). Rethinking theory of mind in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(6), 628–635. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, D., Bayliss, A. P., Becker, S. I., & Dux, P. E. (2012). Eye movements reveal sustained implicit processing of other’s mental states. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 433–438. doi:10.1037/a0025458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, D., Lam, R., Bayliss, A. P., & Dux, P. E. (2012). Cognitive load disrupts implicit theory of mind processing. Psychological Science, 23, 842–847. doi:10.1177/0956797612439070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, D., Nott, Z. E., & Dux, P. E. (2014). Task instructions and implicit theory of mind. Cognition, 133, 43–47. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.05.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, D., Slaughter, V. P., Bayliss, A. P., & Dux, P. E. (2013). A temporally sustained implicit theory of mind deficit in autism spectrum disorders. Cognition, 129, 410–417. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, D., Slaughter, V. P., Bayliss, A. P., & Dux, P. E. (2015). What do we know about implicit false-belief tracking. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(1), 1–12. doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0644-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, D., Slaughter, V. P., Becker, S. I., & Dux, P. E. (2014). Implicit false-belief processing in the human brain. NeuroImage, 101, 268–275. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senju, A. (2013). Atypical development of spontaneous social cognition in autism spectrum disorders. Brain & Development, 35, 96–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senju, A., Southgate, V., Snape, C., Leonard, M., & Csibra, G. (2011). Do 18-month-olds really attribute mental states to others? A critical test. Psychological Science, 22(7), 878–880. doi:10.1177/0956797611411584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senju, A., Southgate, V., White, S., & Frith, U. (2009). Mindblind eyes: An absence of spontaneous theory of mind in Asperger syndrome. Science, 325, 883–885. doi:10.1126/science.1176170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southgate, V., Senju, A., & Csibra, G. (2007). Action anticipation through attribution of false belief by 2-year-olds. Psychological Science, 18, 587–592. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01944.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spengler, S., Bird, G., & Brass, M. (2010). Hyperimitation of actions is related to reduced understanding of other’s minds in autism spectrum conditions. Biological Psychiatry, 68(12), 1148–1155. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spengler, S., von Cramon, D. Y., & Brass, M. (2009). Control of shared representations relies on key processes involved in mental state attribution. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 3704–3718. doi:10.1002/hbm.v30:11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surian, L., Caldi, S., & Sperber, D. (2007). Attribution of beliefs by 13-month-old infants. Psychological Science, 18(7), 580–586. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01943.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Cruys, S., Evers, K., Van der Hallen, R., Van Eylen, L., Boets, B., de-Wit, L., & Wagemans. (2014). Precise minds in uncertain worlds: Predictive coding in autism. Psychological Review, 121(4), 649–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler adult intelligence scale-III (WAIS-III). Nederlandstalige bewerking. Amsterdam: Harcourt Test.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, D. M., & Happé, F. (2009). What did I say? Versus what did I think? Attributing false beliefs to self amongst children with and without autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 865–873. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0695-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children’s understanding of deception. Cognition, 13, 103–128. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodbury-Smith, M. R., Robinson, J., Wheelwright, S., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2005). Screening adults for Asperger Syndrome using the AQ: A preliminary study of its diagnostic validity in clinical practice. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(3), 331–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwickel, J., White, S. J., Coniston, D., Senju, A., & Frith, U. (2011). Exploring the building blocks of social cognition: Spontaneous agency perception and visual perspective taking in autism. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6, 564–571. doi:10.1093/scan/nsq088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar