A review of production, properties and advantages of biodiesel

References

• International Energy Agency (IEA). World energy outlook 2007. OECD/IEA, Paris 2007. Available from: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weowebsite/2008-1994/WEO_2007.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Shahid EM, Jamal J. Production of biodiesel: a technical review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2011;15(9):4732–4745.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atabani AE, Silitongac AS, Badruddin IA, et al. A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2012;16:2070–2093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad AL, Mat Yasin NH, Derek CJC, et al. Microalgae as a sustainable energy source for biodiesel production: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2011;15(1):584–593.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Energy Information Administration. International energy outlook 2010. 2010. Available from: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/pdf/0484%282010%29.pdf; [cited 22.02.11].
   Google Scholar
• Bartholomew D. Vegetable oil fuel. J Am Oil Chem Sot. 1981;58:286A–288A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda H, Konda A, Noda N. Biodiesel fuel production by transestirification of oils. J Biosci Bioeng. 2001;92:405–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shay EG. Diesel fuel from vegetable oils: status and opportunities. Biomass Bioenerg. 1993;4:227–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strayer RC, Blake JA, Craig WK. Canola and high erucic rapeseed oil as substitutes for diesel fuel: preliminary tests. J Am Oil Chem Sot. 1983;60:1587–1592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma F, Hanna MA. Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresour Technol. 1999;70:1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava A, Prasad R. Triglycerides-based diesel fuels. Renew Sust Energ Rev. 2000;4:111–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser BR. Biodiesel Production, Properties, and Feedstocks. Vitro Cell.Dev Biol–Plant. 2009;45:229–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazal MA, Haseeb ASMA, Masjuki HH. Biodiesel feasibility study: an evalua-tion of material compatibility; performance; emission and engine durability. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2011;15(2):1314–1324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silitonga AS, Atabani AE, Mahlia TMI, et al. A review on prospect of Jatropha curcas for biodiesel in Indonesia. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2011;15:3733–3756.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konwar LJ, Boro J, Deka D. Review on latest developments in biodiesel production using carbon-based catalysts. Renew Sustain Energ Rev. 2014;29:546–564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacific biodiesel. 2017. Available from: http://www.biodiesel.com/biodiesel/history.
   Google Scholar
• Owolabi RU, Adejumo AL, Aderibigbe AF. Biodiesel: Fuel for the Future (A Brief Review). Int J Energ Eng. 2012;2(5):223–231.
   Google Scholar
• Balat M, Balat H. A critical review of biodiesel as a vehicular fuel. Energ Convers Manage. 2008;49:2727–2741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedrich MS. A worlwide review of the commercial production of biodiesel – a technological, economic and ecological investigation based on case studies. Department of Technology and Sustainable Product Management (ITNP), Wien, August 2–6, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Dufey A. Biofuels production, trade and sustainable development: emerging issues. Environment Report. London, UK: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED); 2006. Available from: www.iied.org/pubs.
   Google Scholar
• Atadashi IM, Aroua MK, Abdul Aziz A. High quality biodiesel and its diesel engine application: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2010;14(7):1999–2008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janaun J, Ellis N. Perspectives on biodiesel as a sustainable fuel. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2010;14(4):1312–1320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balat M, Balat H. Progress in biodiesel processing. Appl Energy. 2010;87(6):1815–1835.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirbas A. Biodiesel – a realistic fuel alternative for diesel engines. Springer- Verlag London Limited; 2008, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84628-995-8.
   Google Scholar
• Lin L, Cunshan Z, Vittayapadung S, Xiangqian S, et al. Opportunities and challenges for biodiesel fuel. Appl Energy. 2011;88(4):1020–1031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajpai D, Tyagi VK, Biodiesel: Source, Production, Composition Properties and its benefits. J Oleo Sci. 2006;55(10):487–502.
   Google Scholar
• Seenuvasan M, Selvi PK, Anil KM, et al. Standardization of non-edible Pongamia pinnata oil methyl ester conversion using hydroxyl content and GC–MS analysis. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 2014;45(4):1485–1489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma F, Clements L D, Hanna MA. Biodiesel Fuel from Animal Fat. Ancillary Studies on Transesterification of Beef Tallow. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1998, 37(9):3768–3771. DOI: 10.1021/ie980162s.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Du W, Liu D. Perspectives of microbial oils for biodiesel production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008;80:749–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soltani S, Rashid U, Yunus R, et al. Synthesis of Biodiesel through Catalytic Transesterification of Various Feedstocks using Fast Solvothermal Technology: A Critical Review. Catal Rev Sci Eng. 2015;00:1–29.
   Google Scholar
• Achten WMJ, Verchit L, Mathijs Franken YJ, et al. Jatropha biodiesel production and use. Biomass Bioenergy. 2008;32(12):1063–1084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh SP, Singh D. Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2010;14(1):200–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASAE. Vegetable oil fuels. Proceedings of the International Conference on Plant and Vegetable Oils as Fuels. Backers Leslie, editor. St Joseph, MI: ASAE; 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Anon. Filtered used frying fat powers diesel fleet. JAOCS. 1982;59:780A–781A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain S, Sharma MP. Prospects of biodiesel from Jatropha in India: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2010;14(2):763–771.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parawira W. Biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas: a review. Sci Res Essays. 2010;5(14):1796–1808.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma YC, Singh B, Upadhyay SN. Advancements in development and char-acterization of biodiesel: a review. Fuel. 2008;87(12):2355–2373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab AW, Dykstra GJ, Selke E, et al. Diesel fuel from thermal decomposition of soybean oil. JAOCS. 1988;65:1781–1786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab AW, Bagby MO, Freedman B. Preparation and properties of diesel fuels from vegetable oils. Fuel. 1987;66:1372–1378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chisti Y. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol Adv. 2007;25(3):294–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meher LC, Vidya Sagar D, Naik SN. Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification – a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2006;10(3):248–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao MA, Mathew S, Obbard JP. Biodiesel fuel production via transesterification of oils using lipase biocatalyst. Gcb Bioenergy. 2009;1(2):115–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicente G, Martınez M, Aracil J. Integrated biodiesel production: a comparison of different homogeneous catalysts systems. Bioresour Technol. 2004;92:297–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macedo CCS, Abreu FR, Tavares AP, et al. New heterogeneous metal-oxides based catalyst for vegetable oil transesterification. J Braz Chem Soc. 2006;17:1291–1296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naik M, Meher LC, Naik SN, et al. Production of biodiesel from high free fatty acid Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil. Biomass Bioenerg. 2008;32:354–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng X, Chen G, Wang Y. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil via alkali catalyst and its engine test. Fuel Process Technol. 2008;89:851–857.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zu Y, Liu G, Wang Z, et al. CaO supported on porous carbon as highly efficient heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification of triacetin with methanol. Energ Fuel. 2010;24:3810–3816.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Jiang L. Acid-catalyzed esterification of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil with high free fatty acids for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol. 2008;99:8995–8998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji J, Zhang G, Chen H, Wang S, Zhang G, Zhang F, Fan X. Sulfonated graphene as water-tolerant solid acid catalyst. Chemical Science. 2011;2(3):484–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng F, Zhang L, Wang H, et al. Sulfonated carbon nanotubes as a strong protonic acid catalyst. Carbon. 2005;43:2405–2841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naranjoa JC, Córdobaa A, Giraldob L, et al. Lipase supported on granular activated carbon and activated carbon cloth as a catalyst in the synthesis of biodiesel fuel. J Molec Catal B Enzym. 2010;66:166–171.
   Google Scholar
• Giraldoa L, Moreno-Piraján JC. Lipase supported on mesoporous materials as a catalyst in the synthesis of biodiesel from Persea americana mill oil. J Molec Catal B Enzym. 2012;77:32–38.
   Google Scholar
• Freedman B, Butterfield RO, Pryde EH. Transesterification kinetics of soybean oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1986;63:1375–1380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dmytryshyn SL, Dalai AK, Chaudhari ST, et al. Synthesis and characterization of vegetable oil derived esters: evaluation for their diesel additive properties. Bioresour Technol. 2004;92:55–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavarache C, Vinatoru M, Nishimura R, et al. Fatty acids methyl esters from vegetable oil by means of ultrasonic energy. Ultrason Sonochem. 2005;12:367–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korytkowska A, Barszczewska-Rybarek I, Gibas M. Side-reactions in the transesterification of oligoethylene glycols by methacrylates. Des Monom Polym. 2001;4:27–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varghaa V, Truterb P. Biodegradable polymers by reactive blending transesterification of thermoplastic starch with poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(vinyl acetate-co-butyl acrylate. Eur Polymer J. 2005;41:715–726.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuta S, Matsuhasbi H, Arata K. Biodiesel fuel production with solid superacid catalysis in fixed bed reactor under atmospheric pressure. Catal Commun. 2004;5:721–723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canakci M, Gerpen JV. A pilot plant to produce biodiesel from high free fatty acid feedstocks. Trans ASAE. 2003;46:945–955.
   Google Scholar
• Demirbas A. Biodiesel from vegetable oils via transesterification in supercritical methanol. Energ Conv Mgmt. 2002;43:2349–2356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirbas A. Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical alcohol transesterifications and other methods: a survey. Energy Conv Mgmt. 2003;44:2093–2109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuchardta U, Serchelia R, Vargas RM. Transesterification of vegetable oils: a review. J Braz Chem Soc. 1998;9:199–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goff MJ, Bauer NS, Lopes S, et al. Acid-catalyzed alcoholysis of soybean oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 2004;81:415–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Lotero E, Goodwin Jr JG. Effect of water on sulfuric acid catalyzed esterification. J Molec Catal A Chem. 2006;245:132–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee Y, Park SH, Lim IT, et al. Preparation of alkyl (R)-(2)-3-hydroxybutyrate by acidic alcoholysis of poly-(R)-(2)-3-hydroxybutyrate. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2000;27:33–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamad IAW, Ali OA. Evaluation of the transesterification of waste palm oil into biodiesel. Bioresour Technol. 2002;85:25–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotero E, Goodwin JG, Bruce DA, et al. The catalysis of biodiesel synthesis. Catalysis. 2006;19:41–83.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Dube MA, McLean DD, et al. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 1. Process design and technological assessment. Bioresour Technol. 2003;89:1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royon D, Daz M, Ellenrieder G, et al. Enzymatic production of biodiesel from cotton seed oil using t-butanol as a solvent. Bioresour Technol. 2007;98:648–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe Y, Shimada Y, Sugihara A, et al. Conversion of degummed soybean oil to biodiesel fuel with immobilized Candida antarctica lipase. J Mol Catal B Enzym. 2002;17:151–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linko YY, Lamsa M, Wu X, et al. Biodegradable products by lipase biocatalysis. J Biotechnol. 1998;66:41–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghanem A. The utility of cyclodextrins in lipase-catalyzed transesterification in organic solvents: enhanced reaction rate and enantioselectivity. Organic & biomolecular chemistry. 2003;1:1282–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah S, Gupta MN. Lipase catalyzed preparation of biodiesel from Jatropha oil in a solvent free system. Process Biochem. 2007;42:409–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardes OL, Bevilaqua JV, Leal MCMR, et al. Biodiesel fuel production by the transesterification reaction of soybean oil using immobilized lipase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2007;137–140:105–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De A, Vieira AP, Da Silva MAP, et al. Biodiesel production via esterification reactions catalyzed by lipase. Lat Am Appl Res. 2006;36:283–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai OM, Ghazali HM, Chong CL. Use of enzymatic transesterified palm stearin sunflower oil blends in the preparation of table margarine formulation. Food Chem. 1999;64:83–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skagerlind P, Jansson M, Bergenstahl B, et al. Binding of Rhizomucor miehei lipase to emulsion interfaces and its interference with surfactants. Colloids Surf B Bioint. 1995;4:129–135.
   Google Scholar
• Van Gerpen J, Shanks B, Pruszko R, et al. Biodiesel analytical methods: August 2002–January 2004. Colorado: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL); 2004 [NREL/SR-510-36240].
   Google Scholar
• Demirbas A. Biodiesel production via non-catalytic SCF method and biodiesel fuel characteristics. Energy Conv Mgmt. 2006;47:2271–2282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saka S, Kusdiana D. Biodiesel fuel from rapeseed oil as prepared in supercritical methanol. Fuel. 2001;80:225–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vera CR, D'Ippolito SA, Pieck CL, et al. Production of biodiesel by a twostep supercritical reaction process with adsorption refining. In: 2nd Mercosur congress on chemical engineering and 4th Mercosur congress on process systems engineering (ENPROMER-2005), Rio de Brasil. August 14–18, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Demirbas D, Karslıog˘lu S. Biodiesel production facilities from vegetable oils and animal fats. Energy Sour A. 2007;29:133–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May CY. Transesterification of palm oil: effect of reaction parameters. J. Oil Palm Res. 2004;16:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Noureddini H, Harkey D, Medikonduru V. A continuous process for the conversion of vegetable oils into methyl esters of fatty acids. JAOCS. 1998;75:1775–1783.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feuge RO, Grose T. Modification of vegetable oils. VII. Alkali catalyzed interesterification of peanut oil with ethanol. JAOCS. 1949;26:97–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomasevic AV, Siler-Marinkovic SS. Methanolysis of used frying oil. Fuel Proc Tech. 2002;80:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Lee H, Kim SJ, Ahn BS, et al. Role of sulfonic acids in the Sncatalyzed transesterification of dimethyl carbonate with phenol. Catal Today. 2003;87:139–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canakci M, Gerpen JV. Biodiesel production via acid catalysis. Trans ASAE. 1999;42:1203–1210.
   Google Scholar
• Meneghetti PSM, Meneghetti MR, Wolf CR, et al. Ethanolysis of castor and cottonseed oil: a systematic study using classical catalysts. JAOCS. 2006;83:819–822.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Encinar JM, Gonzalez JF, Rodriguez JJ, et al. Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils: transesterification of Cynara cardunculus L. oils with ethanol. Energy Fuel. 2002;16:443–450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinetti GV. Hydrolysis of lecithin with sodium methoxide. Biochem. 1962;1:350–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinetti GV. Low temperature partial alcoholysis of triglycerides. J Lipid Res. 1966;7:786–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darnoko1 D, Cheryan M. Kinetics of palm oil transesterification in a batch reactor. JAOCS. 2000;77:1263–1267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iso M, Chen B, Eguchi M, et al. Production of biodiesel fuel from triglycerides and alcohol using immobilized lipase. J Molec Catal B Enzym. 2001;16:53–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murugesan A, Umarani C, Chinnusamy TR, et al. Production and analysis of biodiesel from non-edible oils – a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2009;13(4):825–834.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirbas AH, Demirbas I. Importance of rural bioenergy for developing countries. Energy Convers Manage. 2007;48(8):2386–2398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernando S, Karra P, Hernandez R, et al. Effect of incompletely converted soybean oil on biodiesel quality. Energy. 2007;32(5):844–851.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf NNAN, Kamarudin SK, Yaakub Z. Overview on the current trends in biodiesel production. Energy Convers Manage. 2011;52(7):2741–2751.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres-Jimenez E, Jerman MS, Gregorc A, et al. Physical and chemical properties of ethanol–diesel fuel blends. Fuel. 2011;90(2):795–802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirbas A. Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels. Energy Convers Manage. 2009;50(1):14–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antolín G, Tinaut FV, Brice˜no Y, et al. Optimisation of biodiesel production by sunflower oil transesterification. Bioresour Technol. 2002;83(2):111–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirbas A. Biodiesel production from vegetable oils by supercritical methanol. J Sci Ind Res. 2005;64:858–865.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balat M. Potential alternatives to edible oils for biodiesel production – a review of current work. Energy Convers Manage. 2011;52(2):1479–1492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmakar A, Karmakar S, Mukherjee S. Properties of various plants and animals feedstocks for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol. 2010;101(19):7201–7210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapuerta M, Armas O, Rodríguez-Fernández J. Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions. Prog Energy Combust Sci. 2008;34(2):198–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser BR, Vaughn SF. Coriander seed oil methyl esters as biodiesel fuel: unique fatty acid composition and excellent oxidative stability. Biomass Bioenerg. 2010;34(4):550–558.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue J, Grift TE, Hansen AC. Effect of biodiesel on engine performances and emissions. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2011;15(2):1098–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal AK. Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci. 2007;33(3):233–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rashid U, Anwar F, Knothe G. Evaluation of biodiesel obtained from cottonseed oil. Fuel Process Technol. 2009;90(9):1157–1163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gerpen JH, Hammond EG, Johnson LA, et al. Biodiesel processing and production. Fuel Process Technol. 2005;86(10):1097–1107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maceiras R, Rodrıguez M, Cancela A, et al. Macroalgae: raw material for biodiesel production. Appl Energy. 2011;88(10):3318–3323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Deng L, Lu J, Guo X, Yang Z, Tan T. Enzymatic synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters from crude rice bran oil with immobilized candida. Chin J Chem Eng. 2010;18(5):870–875.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chincholkar SP, Srivastava S, Rehman A, et al. Biodiesel as an alternative fuel for pollution control in diesel engine. Asian J Exp Sci. 2005;19(2):13–22.
   Google Scholar
• Knothe G. Biodiesel and renewable diesel: a comparison. Prog Energy Combust Sci. 2010;36(3):364–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Wang Y, Dong S, et al. Biodiesel production from Eruca Sativa Gars vegetable oil and motor: emissions properties. Renew Energy. 2009;34(7):1871–1876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar