References
- Cho HJ, KIM Jin-Kuk, Ahmed F, Yeo Yeong-Koo. Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and energy balances of a biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). Appl Energy.. 2013;111:479–488.
- Gapor Md Top A. Production and utilization of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). Lipid Technol. 2011;22:11–3.
- USDA. Production, Supply and Distribution–Oil, Palm. Available from: https://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/cropview/commodityView.aspx?cropid=4243000&sel_year=2016 ( Accessed 12 July 2017).
- Cheryl-Low YL, Theam KL, Lee HV. Alginate-derived solid acid catalyst for esterification of low-cost palm fatty acid distillate. Energy Convers Manage. 2015;106:932–940..
- Andrade-Tacca CA, Chang Chia-Chi, Chen Yi-Hung, et al. Reduction of FFA in jatropha curcas oil via sequential direct-ultrasonic irradiation and dosage of methanol/sulfuric acid catalyst mixture on esterification process. Energy Convers Manage. 2014;88:1078–1085.
- Deshmane VG, Gogate PR, Pandit AB. Ultrasound assisted synthesis of isopropyl esters from palm fatty acid distillate. Ultrason Sonochem. 2009;16:345–350.
- Lokman IM, Rashid U, Taufiq-Yap YH. Production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated-glucose solid acid catalyst: characterization and optimization. Chinese J Chem Eng. 2015;23:1857–1864.
- Soysuwan N, Somnuk K. Optimization of methyl ester production from palm fatty acid distillate using single-step esterification: a response surface methodology approach. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci. 2015;10:7075–7079.
- Khine M, Srinophakun MP, Saisriyoot M, et al. Parametric study of percentage of ester in the two-stage biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate. Kasetsart Eng J (Thailand). 2011;24:81–90.
- Somnuk K, Smithmaitrie P, Prateepchaikul G. Two-stage continuous process of methyl ester from high free fatty acid mixed crude palm oil using static mixer coupled with high-intensity of ultrasound. Energy Convers Manage. 2013;75:302–310.
- Atadashi IM, Aroua MK, Aziz ARA, et al. Production of biodiesel using high free fatty acid feedstocks. Renew Sust Energ Rev. 2012;16:3275–3385.
- Somnuk K, Niseng S, Prateepchaikul G. Optimization of high free fatty acid reduction in mixed crude palm oils using circulation process through static mixer reactor and pilot-scale of two-step process. Energy Convers Manage. 2014;80:374–381.
- Chabukswar DD, Heer PKKS, Gaikar VG. Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate using heterogeneous sulfonated microcrystalline cellulose catalyst and its comparison with H2SO4 catalyzed reaction. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2013;52:7316–7326.
- Dharma S, Masjuki HH, Ong HC, et al. Optimization of biodiesel production process for mixed Jatropha curcas–Ceiba pentandra biodiesel using response surface methodology. Energy Convers Manage. 2016;115:178–190.
- Aghel B, Rahimi M, Sepahvand A, et al. Using a wire coil insert for biodiesel production enhancement in a microreactor. Energy Convers Manage. 2014;84:541–549.
- The department of alternative energy development and efficiency, Thailand. Characteristics and quality of fatty acid methyl ester biodiesel B.E. 2556 2013. Available from: http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2556/E/158/15.PDF ( Accessed 15 June 2016).
- Brinks J, Malins K, Kampars V, et al. Optimization of rapeseed oil fatty acid esterifi cation with methanol in the presence of sulfuric acid. Pol J Chem Technol. 2013;15:54–55.