Torrefaction of densified empty fruit bunches with addition of plastics waste

References

• Conti J, Holtberg P, Diefenderfer J, et al. International Energy Outlook 2016, With Projections to 2040. May 2016. Washington (DC): USA US Energy Inf. Adm. (EIA).
   Google Scholar
• Colchester M, Chao S, Dallinger J, et al. Oil palm expansion in South East Asia: trends and implications for local communities and indigenous peoples. Forest Peoples Programme. 2011; x–249.
   Google Scholar
• Uemura Y, Omar W, Othman NA, et al. Torrefaction of oil palm EFB in the presence of oxygen. Fuel. 2013;103:156–160.
   Google Scholar
• Saeed MA, Ahmad SW, Kazmi M, et al. Impact of torrefaction technique on the moisture contents, bulk density and calorific value of briquetted biomass. Polish J Chem Technol. 2015;17:23–28.
   Google Scholar
• Chin OC, Siddiqui KM. Characteristics of some biomass briquettes prepared under modest die pressures. Biomass Bioenergy. 2000;18:223–228.
   Google Scholar
• Faizal HM, Nazri MSM, Rahman MM, et al. Development of palm biomass briquettes with polyethylene plastic waste addition. J Teknol. 2016;78:69–75.
   Google Scholar
• Faizal HM, Jusoh MAM, Rahman MRA, et al. Torrefaction of palm biomass briquettes at different temperature. J Teknol. 2016;78:61–67.
   Google Scholar
• Faizal HM, Salleh AHM, Shamsuddin HS, et al. Torrefaction of pulverized empty fruit bunch and polyethylene plastics waste mixture. J Adv Res Fluid Mech Therm Sci. 2017;29:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Chin KL, H'ng PS, Go WZ, et al. Optimization of torrefaction conditions for high energy density solid biofuel from oil palm biomass and fast growing species available in Malaysia. Ind Crops Prod. 2013;49:768–774.
   Google Scholar
• Uemura Y, Omar WN, Othman NAB, et al. Effect of atmosphere on torrefaction of oil palm wastes. World Renew. Energy Congr.; 2011 May 8–13; Linköping; Sweden, Linköping, Sweden: Linköping University Electronic Press; 2011. p. 516–523.
   Google Scholar
• Lam PS, Lam PY, Sokhansanj S, et al. Steam explosion of oil palm residues for the production of durable pellets. Appl Energy. 2015;141:160–166.
   Google Scholar
• Asadullah M, Adi AM, Suhada N, et al. Optimization of palm kernel shell torrefaction to produce energy densified bio-coal. Energy Convers Manag. 2014;88:1086–1093.
   Google Scholar
• Moghadam RA, Yuup S, Lam HL, et al. Hydrogen production from mixture of biomass and polyethylene waste in fluidized bed catalytic steam co-gasification process. Chem Eng Trans. 2013;35:565–570.
   Google Scholar
• Faizal HM, Latiff ZA, Wahid MA, et al. Physical and combustion characteristics of biomass residues from palm oil mills. New Asp Fluid Mech Heat Transf Environ Proc 8 th Int Conf Heat Transf Therm Eng Environ. 2010;20–22.
   Google Scholar
• Husain Z, Zainac Z, Abdullah Z. Briquetting of palm fibre and shell from the processing of palm nuts to palm oil. Biomass Bioenergy. 2002;22:505–509.
   Google Scholar
• Nasrin AB, Ma AN, Choo YM, et al. Oil palm biomass as potential substitution raw materials for commercial biomass briquettes production. Am J Appl Sci. 2008;5:179–183.
   Google Scholar
• Chen W-H, Du S-W, Tsai C-H, et al. Torrefied biomasses in a drop tube furnace to evaluate their utility in blast furnaces. Bioresour Technol. 2012;111:433–438.
   Google Scholar
• Kers J, Kulu P, Aruniit A, et al. Determination of physical, mechanical and burning characteristics of polymeric waste material briquettes. Est J Eng. 2010;16:307–316.
   Google Scholar
• Bridgeman TG, Jones JM, Shield I, et al. Torrefaction of reed canary grass, wheat straw and willow to enhance solid fuel qualities and combustion properties. Fuel. 2008;87:844–856.
   Google Scholar
• Chen W-H, Peng J, Bi XT. A state-of-the-art review of biomass torrefaction, densification and applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2015;44:847–866.
   Google Scholar
• Chen Q, Zhou J, Liu B, et al. Influence of torrefaction pretreatment on biomass gasification technology. Chin Sci Bull. 2011;56:1449–1456.
   Google Scholar
• Matali S, Rahman NA, Idris SS, et al. Lignocellulosic biomass solid fuel properties enhancement via torrefaction. Procedia Eng Elsevier. 2016;148:671–678.
   Google Scholar
• Yaacob N, Rahman NA, Matali S, et al. An overview of oil palm biomass torrefaction: effects of temperature and residence time. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci.; IOP Publishing; 2016. p. 12038.
   Google Scholar
• Irawan A. Effect of torrefaction process on the coconut shell energy content for solid fuel. AIP Conf. Proc.; AIP Publishing; 2017. p. 20010.
   Google Scholar
• Neupane S, Adhikari S, Wang Z, et al. Effect of torrefaction on biomass structure and hydrocarbon production from fast pyrolysis. Green Chem. 2015;17:2406–2417.
   Google Scholar
• Sukiran MA, Abnisa F, Wan Daud WMA, et al. A review of torrefaction of oil palm solid wastes for biofuel production. Energy Convers Manag. 2017;149:101–120.
   Google Scholar
• Zannikos F, Kalligeros S, Anastopoulos G, et al. Converting biomass and waste plastic to solid fuel briquettes. J Renew Energy. 2013;2013:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Anaraki ST, Davies A, Zhuo C, et al. Waste-to-energy conversion by stepwise liquefaction, pyrolysis and “clean combustion” of waste plastics. 20th Annu. North Am. Waste-to-Energy Conf.; American Society of Mechanical Engineers; 2012. p. 29–35.
   Google Scholar
• Ansah E, Wang L, Shahbazi A. Thermogravimetric and calorimetric characteristics during co-pyrolysis of municipal solid waste components. Waste Manag. 2016;56:196–206.
   Google Scholar
• Nyakuma BB, Ahmad A, Johari A, et al. Torrefaction of pelletized oil palm empty fruit bunches. 21st Int. Symp. Alcohol Fuels – 21st ISAF; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Na B-I, Kim Y-H, Lim W-S, et al. Torrefaction of oil palm mesocarp fiber and their effect on pelletizing. Biomass Bioenergy. 2013;52:159–165.
   Google Scholar
• Chen W-H, Zhuang Y-Q, Liu S-H, et al. Product characteristics from the torrefaction of oil palm fiber pellets in inert and oxidative atmospheres. Bioresour Technol. 2016;199:367–374.
   Google Scholar
• Garrido MA, Conesa JA, Garcia MD. Characterization and production of fuel briquettes made from biomass and plastic wastes. Energies. 2017;10:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Bhoumick MC, Sarker NC, Hasan MM, et al. Conversion of waste plastic into solid briquette in combination with biomass: Bangladesh perspective. Int Adv Res J Sci Eng Technol. 2016;3:142–146.
   Google Scholar
• Kaliyan N, Morey RV. Factors affecting strength and durability of densified biomass products. Biomass Bioenergy. 2009;33:337–359.
   Google Scholar
• Sing CY, Aris MS. An experimental investigation on the handling and storage properties of biomass fuel briquettes made from oil palm mill residues. J Appl Sci. 2012;12:2621–2625.
   Google Scholar
• Tai H-S, Chen C-Y. Kinetic study of copyrolysis of waste polyethylene terephthalate, polylactic acid, and rice straw. Environ Eng Sci. 2016;33:671–680.
   Google Scholar
• Mu'min GF, Prawisudha P, Zaini IN, et al. Municipal solid waste processing and separation employing wet torrefaction for alternative fuel production and aluminum reclamation. Waste Manag. 2017;67:106–120.
   Google Scholar
• Rabier F, Temmerman M, Böhm T, et al. Particle density determination of pellets and briquettes. Biomass Bioenergy. 2006;30:954–963.
   Google Scholar
• Basu P. Biomass gasification and pyrolysis: practical design and theory. Burlington (MA): Acad. Press. s. 2010; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Sellappah V, Uemura Y, Hassan S, et al. Torrefaction of empty fruit bunch in the presence of combustion gas. Procedia Eng Elsevier. 2016;148:750–757.
   Google Scholar