References
- Elliott DC. Historical developments in hydroprocessing bio-oils. Energy Fuels. 2007;21:1792–1815. Available from: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef070044u.
- Furimsky E. Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation. Appl Catal A Gen. 2000;199:147–190.
- Naqvi M, Yan J, Dahlquist E. Black liquor gasification integrated in pulp and paper mills: a critical review. Bioresour Technol. 2010;101:8001–8015. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.013.
- Landälv I, Gebart R, Marke B, et al. Two years experience of the bioDME project — A complete wood to wheel concept. Environ Prog Sustain Energy. 2014;33:744–750.
- Jafri Y, Furusjö E, Kirtania K, et al. Performance of a pilot-scale entrained-flow black liquor gasifier. Energy Fuels. 2016;30:3175–3185. Available from: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00349.
- Zhu Y, Biddy MJ, Jones SB, et al. Techno-economic analysis of liquid fuel production from woody biomass via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and upgrading. Appl Energy. 2014;129:384–394. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.03.053.
- Karagöz S, Bhaskar T, Muto A, et al. Low-temperature catalytic hydrothermal treatment of wood biomass: analysis of liquid products. Chem Eng J. 2005;108:127–137.
- Zhu Z, Sohail Toor S, Rosendahl L, et al. Influence of alkali catalyst on product yield and properties via hydrothermal liquefaction of barley straw. Energy. 2015;80:284–292. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.11.071.
- Zhu Z, Rosendahl L, Sohail Toor S, et al. Hydrothermal liquefaction of barley straw to bio-crude oil: effects of reaction temperature and aqueous phase recirculation. Appl Energy. 2015;137:183–192. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.10.005.
- Nazari L, Yuan Z, Souzanchi S, et al. Hydrothermal liquefaction of woody biomass in hot-compressed water: catalyst screening and comprehensive characterization of bio-crude oils. Fuel. 2015;162:74–83. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.08.055.
- Güngören Madenoğlu T, Sağlam M, Yüksel M, et al. Hydrothermal gasification of biomass model compounds (cellulose and lignin alkali) and model mixtures. J Supercrit Fluids. 2016;115:79–85. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0896844616300997.
- Muangrat R, Onwudili JA, Williams PT. Influence of alkali catalysts on the production of hydrogen-rich gas from the hydrothermal gasification of food processing waste. Appl Catal B Environ. 2010;100:440–449. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.08.019.
- Dibdiakova J, Wang L, Li H. Characterization of ashes from Pinus sylvestris forest biomass. Energy Procedia. 2015;75:186–191. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.289.
- Vassilev SV, Vassileva CG, Vassilev VS. Advantages and disadvantages of composition and properties of biomass in comparison with coal : an overview. Fuel. 2015;158:330–350. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.05.050.
- Novianti S, Nurdiawati A, Zaini IN, et al. Hydrothermal treatment of palm oil empty fruit bunches: an investigation of the solid fuel and liquid organic fertilizer applications. Biofuels. 2016;7:627–636.
- Akgül G, Kruse A. Influence of salts on the subcritical water-gas shift reaction. J Supercrit Fluids. 2012;66:207–214.
- Tran K-Q. Fast hydrothermal liquefaction for production of chemicals and biofuels from wet biomass - The need to develop a plug-flow reactor. Bioresour Technol. 2016;213:327–332. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.002.
- Knežević D, Swaaij W van, Kersten S. Hydrothermal conversion of biomass. II. Conversion of wood, pyrolysis oil, and glucose in hot compressed water. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2010;49:104–112.
- Durak H, Aysu T. Structural analysis of bio-oils from subcritical and supercritical hydrothermal liquefaction of Datura stramonium L. J Supercrit Fluids. 2016;108:123–135. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2015.10.016.
- Pińkowska H, Wolak P, Złocińska A. Hydrothermal decomposition of alkali lignin in sub- and supercritical water. Chem Eng J. 2012;187:410–414.
- Xu C, Lad N. Production of heavy oils with high calorific values by direct liquefaction of woody biomass in sub/near critical water. Energy Fuels. 2008;22:635–642.
- Brand S, Hardi F, Kim J, et al. Effect of heating rate on biomass liquefaction: differences between subcritical water and supercritical ethanol. Energy. 2014;68:420–427. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.086.
- Leardi R. Experimental design in chemistry: a tutorial. Anal Chim Acta. 2009;652:161–172.
- Warne SSJ. Thermal analysis and coal assessment: an overview with new developments. Thermochim Acta. 1996;272:1–9. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/004060319502459X.
- Zaini IN, Novianti S, Nurdiawati A, et al. Investigation of the physical characteristics of washed hydrochar pellets made from empty fruit bunch. Fuel Process Technol. 2017;160:109–120. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.02.020.
- Hardi F, Mäkelä M, Yoshikawa K. Non-catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of pine sawdust using experimental design: material balances and products analysis. Appl Energy. 2017;204:1026–1034. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261917304300.
- Bezerra MA, Santelli RE, Oliveira EP, et al. Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry. Talanta. 2008;76:965–977.
- Gan J, Yuan W. Operating condition optimization of corncob hydrothermal conversion for bio-oil production. Appl Energy. 2013;103:350–357. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.09.053.
- Mazaheri H, Lee KT, Bhatia S, et al. Subcritical water liquefaction of oil palm fruit press fiber in the presence of sodium hydroxide: an optimisation study using response surface methodology. Bioresour Technol. 2010;101:9335–9341. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.004.
- Ngo T-A, Kim J, Kim S-S. Characteristics of palm bark pyrolysis experiment oriented by central composite rotatable design. Energy. 2014;66:7–12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.08.011.
- Myers RH, Montgomery DC, Anderson-Cook CM. Response surface methodology: process and product optimization using designed experiments. 3rd ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2009.
- Yu Y, Lou X, Wu H. Some recent advances in hydrolysis of biomass in hot-compressed water and its comparisons with other hydrolysis methods. Energy Fuels. 2008;46–60.
- Gao Y, Wang H, Guo J, et al. Hydrothermal degradation of hemicelluloses from triploid poplar in hot compressed water at 180-340°C. Polym Degrad Stab. 2016;126:179–187. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014139101630026X.
- Hoekman SK, Broch A, Robbins C. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of lignocellulosic biomass. Energy Fuels. 2011;25:1802–1810. Available from: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef101745n.
- Minowa T, Zhen F, Ogi T. Cellulose decomposition in hot-compressed water with alkali or nickel catalyst. J Supercrit Fluids. 1998;13:253–259.
- Brand S, Susanti RF, Kim SK, et al. Supercritical ethanol as an enhanced medium for lignocellulosic biomass liquefaction: Influence of physical process parameters. Energy. 2013;59:173–182. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.06.049.
- Qu Y, Wei X, Zhong C. Experimental study on the direct liquefaction of Cunninghamia lanceolata in water. Energy. 2003;28:597–606.
- Karagöz S, Bhaskar T, Muto A, et al. Hydrothermal upgrading of biomass: effect of K2CO3 concentration and biomass/water ratio on products distribution. Bioresour Technol. 2006;97:90–98.
- Channiwala SA, Parikh PP. A unified correlation for estimating HHV of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. Fuel. 2002;81:1051–1063.
- Kopyscinski J, Rahman M, Gupta R, et al. K2CO3 catalyzed CO2 gasification of ash-free coal. Interactions of the catalyst with carbon in N2 and CO2 atmosphere. Fuel. 2014;117:1181–1189. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.07.030.
- Appell HR, Fu Y, Friedman S, et al. Converting organic wastes to oil: a replenishable energy source. Washington: Bureau of Mines; 1971. (Report of Investigations 7560).
- Onsager OT, Brownrigg MSA, Lødeng R. Hydrogen production from water and CO via alkali metal formate salts. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 1996;21:883–885.
- Sinağ A, Kruse A, Schwarzkopf V. Key compounds of the hydropyrolysis of glucose in supercritical water in the presence of K2CO3. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2003;42:3516–3621.
- Redlich O, Kwong JNS. On the thermodynamics of solutions. V. An equation of state. Fugacities of gaseous solutions. Chem Rev. 1949;44:233–244. Available from: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr60137a013.
- Soave G. Equilibrium constants from a modified Redlich-Kwong equation of state. Chem Eng Sci. 1972;27:1197–1203. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0009250972800964.
- Smith JM, Van Ness HC, Abbott MM. Volumetric properties of pure fluids. Introd. to Chem. Eng. Thermodyn. 6th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill; 2001.
- Jafri Y, Furusjö E, Kirtania K, et al. A study of black liquor and pyrolysis oil co-gasification in pilot scale. Biomass Convers Biorefin. 2017; Available from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13399-016-0235-5.