Microalgae biodiesel production: a solution to increasing energy demands in Turkey

References

• United Nations World Population Prospects. Revisions. Key findings & advanced tables; 2017. [accessed 2017 Jun 21]. Available from: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/publications/files/wpp2017_keyfindings.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Abas N, Kalair A, Khan N. Review of fossil fuels and future energy technologies. Futures. 2015;69:31–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuba ES, Kifle D. Microalgae to biofuels: ‘promising’ alternative and renewable energy, review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2018;81:743–755.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chisti Y. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol Adv. 2007;25:294–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC. In: Core Writing Team, Pachauri RK, Reisinger A, editors. Climate change 2007: synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K. and Reisinger, A.(eds.)]. Geneva (Switzerland); 2007, p. 104.
   Google Scholar
• Rittmann BE. Opportunities for renewable bioenergy using microorganisms. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2008;100:203–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sajjadi B, Chen WY, Raman AAA, et al. Microalgae lipid and biomass for biofuel production: a comprehensive review on lipid enhancement strategies and their effects on fatty acid composition. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2018;97:200–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabancı A, Ören MN, Yaşar B, et al. Türkiye’de Biyodizel ve Biyoetanol Üretiminin Tarım Sektörü Açısından Değerlendirilmesi, Ziraat Mühendisliği VII. Teknik Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, Ankara; 11–15 January 2010. p. 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Hamamci C, Saydut A, Tonbul Y, et al. Biodiesel production via transesterification from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed oil. Energy Sources Part A. 2011;33:512–520.
   Google Scholar
• Innocent DS, Sylvester ODP, Yahaya MF, et al. Comparative analysis of biodiesel and petroleum diesel. Int J Educ Res. 2013;1:1-8.
   Google Scholar
• Borugadda VB, Goud VV. Biodiesel production from renewable feedstocks: status and opportunities. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2012;16:4763–4784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balat M. Potential alternatives to edible oils for biodiesel production – a review of current work. Energy Convers Manage. 2011;52:1479–1492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eryilmaz T, Yesilyurt MK, Cesur C, et al. Biodiesel production potential from oil seeds in Turkey. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2016; 58:842–851.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchetti JM. A summary of the available technologies for biodiesel production based on a comparison of different feedstock’s properties. Process Saf Environ. 2012;90:157–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmudul HM, Hagos FY, Mamat R, et al. Production, characterization and performance of biodiesel as an alternative fuel in diesel engines – a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017;72:497–509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajjari M, Tabatabaei M, Aghbashlo M, et al. A review on the prospects of sustainable biodiesel production: a global scenario with an emphasis on waste-oil biodiesel utilization. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017;72:445–464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holma A, Koponen K, Antikainen R, et al. Current limits of life cycle assessment framework in evaluating environmental sustainability – case of two evolving biofuel technologies. J Clean Prod. 2013;54:215–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Highina B, Bugaje I, Umar B. A review of second generation biofuel: a comparison of its carbon footprints. Eur J Eng Technol. 2014;2:117–125.
   Google Scholar
• Xue J, Grift T, Hansen A. Effect of biodiesel on engine performance and emissions. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2011;15:1098–1116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karagöl ET, Kavaz İ. Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Yenilenebilir Enerji. Analiz. 2017;197:1-33.
   Google Scholar
• Bölük G, Koç AA. The implications of biofuel policy in Turkey. Int J Energy Econ Policy. 2013;3:14–22.
   Google Scholar
• Scott SA, Davey MP, Dennis JS, et al. Biodiesel from algae: challenges and prospects. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2010;21:277–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira D, Pires J. Atmospheric CO2 capture by algae: negative carbon dioxide emission path. Bioresour Technol. 2016;215:371–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marella TK, Datta A, Patil MD, et al. Biodiesel production through algal cultivation in urban wastewater using algal Floway. Bioresour Technol. 2019; 280:222–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Say AN, Keriş ÜD, Şen Ü, et al. VIII. Ulusal Temiz Enerji Sempozyumu, UTES’10, Bursa; 1-5 Aralık. 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Pienkos PT, Darzins A. The promise and challenges of microalgal-derived biofuels. Biofuels Bioprod Bioref. 2009;3:431–440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harun R, Davidson M, Doyle M, et al. Technoeconomic analysis of an integrated microalgae photobioreactor, biodiesel and biogas production facility. Biomass Bioenerg. 2011;35:741–747.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krohn BJ, McNeff CV, Yan B, et al. Production of algae-based biodiesel using the continuous catalytic Mcgyan process. Bioresour Technol. 2011;102:94–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slade R, Bauen A. Micro-algae cultivation for biofuels: cost, energy balance, environmental impacts and future prospects. Biomass Bioenerg. 2013;53:29–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhateria R, Dhaka R. Algae as biofuel. Biofuels. 2014;5:607–631.
   Google Scholar
• Ma Y, Gao Z, Wang Q, et al. Biodiesels from microbial oils: opportunity and challenges. Bioresour Technol. 2018;263:631–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adeniyi OM, Azimov U, Burluka A. Algae biofuel: current status and future applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2018;90:316–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Xu C, Vaidyanathan S. Microalgae: a robust “green bio-bridge” between energy and environment. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2018;38:351–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elcik H, Çakmakcı M. Mikroalg üretimi ve mikroalglerden biyoyakıt eldesi. J Fac Eng Archit Gaz. 2017;32:795–820.
   Google Scholar
• Pires J. COP21: the algae opportunity? Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017;79:867–877.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulusoy Y, Ulukardesler AH, Alıbas K. Possible opportunities for the use of microalgae in renewable energy production. J Agric Mach Sci. 2012;8:301–308.
   Google Scholar
• Tüccar G, Güngör C, Uludamar E, et al. The potential of microalgal biodiesel in Turkey. Energy Source Part B. 2015;10:397–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleveland CJ, Kaufmann RK, Stern DI. Aggregation and the role of energy in the economy. Ecol Econ. 2000;32:301–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saravanan AP, Mathimani T, Deviram G, et al. Biofuel policy in India: a review of policy barriers in sustainable marketing of biofuel. J Clean Prod. 2018;193:734–747.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aytav E, Kocar G. Biodiesel from the perspective of Turkey: past, present and future. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2013;25:335–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maness PC, Yu J, Eckert C, et al. Photobiological hydrogen production: efforts to scale up the capacity of green algae and cyanobacteria to use sunlight to convert water into hydrogen gas for energy use. Microbe. 2009;4:275–280.
   Google Scholar
• Netravali AN, Chabba S. Composites get greener. Mater Today. 2003;6:22–29.
   Google Scholar
• International Energy Agency, IEA. Key world energy statistics. 2017 [accessed 2019 Feb 13]. Available from: https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2017.pdf
   Google Scholar
• BP statistical review of world energy. June 2018 [accessed 2018 Dec 7]. Available from: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-full-report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• BP Statistical Review. BP energy outlook 2030. 2011, Washington, DC [accessed 2011 Jun 27]. Available from: https://www.eia.gov/conference/2011/pdf/presentations/Finley.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Torku E. Overview of potential and utilization of renewable energy sources in Turkey. Renew Energ. 2013;50:456–463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakopoulos DC, Rakopoulos CD, Giakoumis EG, et al. Influence of properties of various common biofuels on the combustion and emission characteristics of high-speed DI (direct injection) diesel engine: vegetable oil, bio-diesel, ethanol, n-butanol, diethyl ether. Energy. 2014;73:354–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saladini F, Patrizi N, Pulselli FM, et al. Guidelines for emergy evaluation of first, second and third generation biofuels. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2016;66:221–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gul T. Renewable transport fuel obligation statistics. Period 9 2016/1. Department for Transport; 2016. p. 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Dudley B. BP energy outlook 2035. Energy Outlook BP Glob. 2015;1–98.
   Google Scholar
• Wen Z, Johnson MB. Microalgae as a feedstock for biofuel production. Blacksburg (VA): Communications and Marketing, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; 2009. Publication 442–886.
   Google Scholar
• Global Wind Energy Reports, (GWEC). Global wind report 2012–annual market update. 2012 [accessed 2019 Feb 15]. Available from: https://www.gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Annual_report_2012_LowRes.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dresselhaus MS, Thomas IL. Alternative energy technologies. Nature. 2001;414:332–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrenho AC, Mourão ZS, Norman J. The influence of UK emissions reduction targets on the emissions of the global steel industry. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2016;107:174–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ondrey G. Progress to limit climate change. Chem Eng. 2016;123:16–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monari C, Righi S, Olsen SI. Greenhouse gas emissions and energy balance of biodiesel production from microalgae cultivated in photobioreactors in Denmark: a life-cycle modeling. J Clean Prod. 2016;112:4084–4092.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyimu Z, Ozçimen D. Batch cultivation of marine microalgae Nanno-chloropsis oculata and Tetraselmis suecica in treated municipal wastewater toward bioethanol production. J Clean Prod. 2017;150:40–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashim H, Narayanasamy M, Yunus NA, et al. A cleaner and greener fuel: biofuel blend formulation and emission assessment. J Clean Prod. 2017;146:208–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renewable Energy Network 21 (REN21). Global status report. Paris (France): REN21; 2016 [accessed 2016 Jun 31]. Available from: http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/GSR_2016_Full_Report_lowres.pdf
   Google Scholar
• International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Boosting biofuels. Abu Dhabi (UAE): International Renewable Energy Agency; 2016 [accessed 2017 Aug 8]. Available from: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2016/IRENA_Boosting_Biofuels_2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• International Energy Agency (IEA). CO₂ emissions from combustion. Paris (France): IEA/OECD; 2016 [accessed 2017 Jun 8]. Available from: https://emis.vito.be/sites/emis.vito.be/files/articles/3331/2016/CO2EmissionsfromFuelCombustion_Highlights_2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• International Energy Agency (IEA]. Data subscription. Paris (France): IEA/OECD; 2016 [accessed 2019 Feb 8]. Available from: https://www.iea.org/statistics/
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2013 with projections to 2040. 2013, Washington D.C. [accessed 2013 Aug 13]. Available from: https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/pdf/0484(2013).pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mohan MR, Phillippe GT, Shiju M. Biofuel laws in Asia: instruments for energy access, security, environmental protection and rural empowerment. Asian Biotechnol Dev Rev. 2006;8:51–75.
   Google Scholar
• Tunalioglu R, Afacan T. Biodiesel policies in Turkey and assessment of existing institutional structure. Symposium on Biofuels and biofuel technologies, Ankara; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Energy Information Administration (EIA). Biodiesel and Other Renewable Fuel Overview, June 2019 [accessed 2019 Jan 25]. Available from: https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/sec10_8.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hombach LE, Cambero C, Sowlati T, et al. Optimal design of supply chains for second generation biofuels incorporating European biofuel regulations. J. Clean. Prod. 2016;133:565–575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BP. Statistical review of world energy. London (UK): BP; 2016 [accessed 2016 Jun 14]. Available from: http://oilproduction.net/files/especial-BP/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2016-full-report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank. Surface area (sq.km), 2019 [accessed 2019 Mar 1]. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.SRF.TOTL.K2
   Google Scholar
• Turkish Statistical Institutei (TurkStat). Population estimates, 2000-2006, Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS), 2007-2018; 2019 [accessed 2019 Mar 1]. Available from: http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/UstMenu.do?metod=temelist
   Google Scholar
• Erdem ZB. The contribution of renewable resources in meeting Turkey’s energy-related challenges. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2010;14:2710–2722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank (WB). Gross domestic product 2011. PPP; 2011 [accessed 2019 Mar 1]. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gdp.mktp.pp.cd
   Google Scholar
• The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK). Vision 2023 Technology Foresight Project, Panel of Energy and Natural Resources, 24 July, Supplements of Report, Supplement A, Turkey, World and OECD Data, (In Turkish). 2008 [accessed 2012 Sep 4]. Available from: http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/vizyon2023/edk/ekler.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Enerji Piyasası Düzenleme Kurumu (EPDK). Faaliyet Raporu. 2015 [accessed 2019 Mar 1]. Available from: https://www.epdk.org.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-0-56/faaliyet-raporlari
   Google Scholar
• TMMOB Enerji Çalışma Grubu. Türkiye Enerji Görünümü. 2017 [accessed 2017 Sep 7]. Available from: https://www.mmo.org.tr/sites/default/files/TURKIYE%20ENERJ%C4%B0%20G%C3%96R%C3%9CN%C3%9CM%C3%9C_EYL%C3%9CL%202017%20%281%29.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yaşar B. Evaluation of biodiesel production and utilization of biodiesel as an alternative source of energy from the point of view of Turkish agriculture and EU adaptation process [PhD thesis]. Adana (Turkey): Ç.U. Institute of Science, Department of Agricultural Economy; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Erdogdu E. An exposé of bioenergy and its potential and utilization in Turkey. Energy Policy. 2008;36:2182–2190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuksel I, Kaygusuz K. Renewable energy sources for clean and sustainable energy policies in Turkey. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2011;15:4132–4144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı (ETKB). Petrol, 2018 [accessed 2019 Mar 1]. https://www.enerji.gov.tr/tr-TR/Sayfalar/Petrol
   Google Scholar
• Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK). Road motor vehicles. March 2018 [accessed 2019 Mar 1]. Available from: http://tuik.gov.tr/Start.do
   Google Scholar
• Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK). Statistics of greenhouse gas emissions, 1990-2016. 2018 [accessed 2019 Mar 1]. Available from: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=27675
   Google Scholar
• Güner ED, Turan ES. Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Küresel İklim Değişikliği Üzerine Etkisi, Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi, Doğal Afetler Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 2017;3:48–55.
   Google Scholar
• Bilen K, Ozyurt O, Bakırcı K, et al. Energy production, consumption, and environmental pollution for sustainable development: a case study in Turkey. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2008;12:1529–1561.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TMMOB. Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları Oda Raporu, TMMOB Makine Mühendisleri Odası Yayın No: MMO/2008/479, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• MMO. Türkiye’nin Enerji Görünümü, Yayın No: MMO/691. TMMOB Makine Mühendisleri Odası; 2018 [accessed 2019 Feb 15]. Available from: www.mmo.org.tr/sites/default/files/EnerjiGorunumu2018_1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Demirbas A. Biofuels sources, biofuel policy, biofuel economy and global biofuel projections. Energy Convers Manage. 2008;49:2106–2116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Üstün GE, Genç B. Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de Biyoyakıtların Durumu. J Agric Fac Uludag Univ. 2015;29:157–164.
   Google Scholar
• Ladanai S, Vinterback J. Global potential of sustainable biomass for energy. Uppsala (Sweden): Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 2009. p. 32.
   Google Scholar
• Melikoglu M. The role of renewables and nuclear energy in Turkey’s Vision 2023 energy targets: economic and technical scrutiny. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2016;62:1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ETKB. Ulusal Yenilenebilir Enerji Eylem Planı, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Demirbas A. Future energy sources. Part I. Future Energy Sources. 2009;1:1–95.
   Google Scholar
• Song D, Fu J, Shi D. Exploitation of oil-bearing microalgae for biodiesel. Chin J Biotechnol. 2008;24:341–348.
   Google Scholar
• Voloshin RA, Rodionova MV, Zharmukhamedov SK, et al. Review: biofuel production from plant and algal biomass. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2016;41:17257–17273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popp J, Lakner Z, Harangi-Rakos M, et al. The effect of bioenergy expansion: food, energy, and environment. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2014;32:559–578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang D, Zhou H, Lin L. Biodiesel: an alternative to conventional fuel. Energy Procedia. 2012;16:1874–1885.
   Google Scholar
• Surriya O, Saleem SS, Waqar K, et al. Bio-fuels: a blessing in disguise. In: Phytoremediation for Green Energy. [Öztürk, M., Ashraf, M. Aksoy, A., Ahmad, M.S.A. (eds.)], Dordrecht (The Netherlands): Springer; 2015. p. 11–54.
   Google Scholar
• Yiğitoğlu M, İnal M, Gökgöz M. Alternatif Bir Enerji Kaynağı Olarak Biyoetanol, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Kimya Bölümü, Bilimde Gelişmeler Dergisi; 2014 [accessed 2014 Apr 1]. Available from: http://fef.kku.edu.tr/dergisitekodlar/3_nolu_makale.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Basha SA, Gopal KR, Jebaraj S. A review on biodiesel production, combustion, emissions and performance. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2009;13:1628–1634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatunoglu EE. Effects of biofuel policies on agricultural sector. Ankara (Turkey): Publication of State Planning Organization; 2010 (in Turkish).
   Google Scholar
• Satyanarayana G, Mariano A, Vargas J. Microalgae, a versatile source for sustainable energy and materials. Int J Energy Res. 2011;35:291–311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mata TM, Martins AA, Caetano NS. Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2010;14:217–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doshi A, Pascoe S, Coglan L, et al. Economic and policy issues in the production of algae-based biofuels: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2016;64:329–337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balat M, Balat H. A critical review of bio-diesel as a vehicular fuel. Energy Convers Manage. 2008;49:2727–2741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar M, Sharma MP, Dwivedi G. Algae oil as future energy source in Indian perspective. Int J Renew Energy Res. 2013;3:913–921.
   Google Scholar
• Elshahed MS. Microbiological aspects of biofuel production: current status and future directions. J Adv Res. 2010;1:103–111.
   Google Scholar
• Balat M, Balat H. Progress in biodiesel processing. Appl Energy. 2010;87:1815–1835.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma F, Hanna MA. Biodiesel production: a rewiev. Bioresour Technol. 1999;70:1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Q, Zhang CW, Sommerfeld M. Biodiesel from algae: lessons learned over the past 60 years and future perspectives. Juneau (Alaska): Annual Meeting of the Phycological Society of America; 2006. p. 40–41.
   Google Scholar
• Marchetti JM, Miguel VU, Errazu AF. Possible methods for biodiesel production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2007;11:1300–1311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan SA, Rashmi Hussain MZ, et al. Prospects of biodiesel production from microalgae in India. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2009;13:2361–2372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Dub MA, McLean DD, et al. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: process design and technological assessment. Bioresour Technol. 2003;89:1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbaş CY, Özgür E. Biodiesel: an alternative fuel in EU and Turkey. Energy Source Part B. 2008;3:243–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bildirici ME. The effects of militarization on biofuel consumption and CO2 emission. J Clean Prod. 2017;152:420–428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell MN. Biodiesel: algae as a renewable source for liquid fuel. Guelph Eng J. 2008;1:2–7.
   Google Scholar
• Biodiesel Basics. Biodiesel technical information.2012 [accessed 2012 Dec 2]. Available from: https://www.biodiesel.org/docs/ffs-basics/adm-fact-sheet-biodiesel-technical-information.pdf?sfvrsn=4
   Google Scholar
• Celik I, Koç Ö. An Experimental and comparative examination of the effect of biodiesel fuel on engine wear. Energy Sources Part A. 2011;33:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Bozbas K. Biodiesel as an alternative motor fuel: production and policies in the European Union. Renew Sust Energ Rev. 2008;12:542–552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirbas A. Diesel fuel from vegetable oil via transesterification and soap pyrolysis. Energy Sources. 2002;24:835–841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullah K, Ahmad M, Sofia, et al. Algal biomass as a global source of transport fuels: overview and development perspectives. Prog Nat Sci Mater Int. 2014;24:329–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su Y, Zhang P, Su Y. An overview of biofuels policies and industrialization in the major biofuel producing countries. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2015;50:991–1003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrell J, Sarisky-Reed V. National algal biofuels technology roadmap (No. DOE/EEe0332). EERE Publication and Product Library, Maryland, U.S. 2010. doi:https://doi.org/10.2172/1218560
   Google Scholar
• Ziolkowska JR, Simon L. Recent developments and prospects for algae- based fuels in the US. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2014;29:847–853.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TUİK. Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. 2009 [accessed 2019 Mar 1]. Available from: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/MetaVeri.do?alt_id=1001
   Google Scholar
• EPDK. Department of Oil Market, Petroleum market sector report, Ankara; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• European Comission (EC). Renewable energy targets by 2020. 2012 [accessed 2013 Feb 3]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/targets_en.htm
   Google Scholar
• Resmi Gazete, Motorin Türlerine İlişkin Teknik Düzenleme Tebliğinde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Tebliğ (Akaryakıt Seri No: 22). Türkiye Resmi Gazete Sayı No: 28067. 2011 [accessed 2018 May 22]. Available from: http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/09/20110927-4.htm
   Google Scholar
• Erdoğan Y, Keskin E. Evaluation of biodiesel production problems in Turkey by Swot analysis. Proceedings of the World Congress on New Technologies; 2015; Barcelona, Spain, paper no 162. p. 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Ar F, Karaosmanoğlu F, Koç AA, et al. Biofuels report. (In Turkish). Ankara (Turkey): World Energy Council, Turkish National Committee Publication; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Erkut Y. Turkey biofuels annual, report, USDA foreign agricultural information network. 2010 [accessed 2013 Jan 2]. Available from: http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Ankara_Turkey_8-13-2010.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro LA, Pereira da Silva P, Ribeiro L, et al. Modelling the impacts of policies on advanced biofuel feedstocks diffusion. J Clean Prod. 2017;142:2471–2479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh K, Kaloni D, Gaur S, et al. Current research and perspectives on microalgae- derived biodiesel. Biofuels. 2017;1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grobbelaar JU. In: Richmond A, editors. Handbook of microalgal culture: biotechnology and applied phycology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 2004, pp. 97–115.
   Google Scholar
• Fedorov AS, Kosourov S, Ghirardi ML, et al. Continuous H2 photo production by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using a novel two-stage, sulfate-limited chemostat system. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2005;121-124:403–412.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melis A. Green alga hydrogen production: progress, challenges and prospects. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2002;27:1217–1228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spolaore P, Joannis-Cassan C, Duran E, et al. Commercial applications of microalgae. J Biosci Bioeng. 2006;101:87–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavrilescu M, Chisti Y. Biotechnology – a sustainable alternative for chemical industry. Biotechnol Adv. 2005;23:471–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilanovic D, Andargatchew A, Kroeger T. Freshwater and marine microalgae sequestering of CO2 at different C and N concentrations – response surface methodology analysis. Energy Convers Manage. 2009;50:262–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh A, Olsen SI. A critical review of biochemical conversion, sustainability and life cycle assessment of algal biofuels. Appl Energy. 2011;88:3548–3555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patil PD, Deng S. Optimization of biodiesel production from edible and non-edible vegetable oils. Fuel. 2009;88:1302–1306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam MK, Lee KT. Immobilization as a feasible method to simplify the separation of microalgae from water for biodiesel production. Chem Eng J. 2012;191:263–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths MJ, Harrison S. Lipid productivity as a key characteristic for choosing algal species for biodiesel production. J Appl Phycol. 2009;21:493–507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Alessandro EB, Antoniosi Filho NR. Concepts and studies on lipid and pigments of microalgae: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2016;58:832–841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad AL, Mat Yasin NH, Derek CJC, et al. Microalgae as a sustainable energy source for biodiesel production: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2011;15:584–593.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Lwayzy S, Yusaf T. Chlorella protothecoides microalgae as an alternative fuel for tractor diesel engines. Energies. 2013;6:766.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouveia L, Oliveira AC. Microalgae as a raw material for biofuels production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009;36:269–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalaby EA. In: Stoytcheva M, Montero G, editors. Algal biomass and biodiesel production, biodiesel. Rijeka (Croatia): IntechOpen; 2011. Chapter 6.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu L, Wang Z, Shu Q, et al. Nutrient removal and biodiesel production by integration of freshwater algae cultivation with piggery wastewater treatment. Water Res. 2013;47:4294–4302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suali E, Sarbatly R. Conversion of microalgae to biofuel. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2012;16:4316–4342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulz O. Photobioreactors: production systems for phototrophic microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2001;57:287–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao Q, Li L, Chen R, et al. A novel photobioreactor generating the light/dark cycle to improve microalgae cultivation. Bioresour Technol. 2014;161:186–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RN, Sharma S. Development of suitable photobioreactor for algae production–a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2012;16:2347–2353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benavente-Valdés JR, Aguilar C, Contreras-Esquivel JC, et al. Strategies to enhance the production of photosynthetic pigments and lipids in chlorophycae species. Biotechnol Rep. 2016;10:117–125.
   Google Scholar
• Sheehan J, Dunahay T, Benemann J, et al. A look back at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Aquatic Species Program? Biodiesel from algae. Golden (CO): National Renewable Energy Institute, NREL/TP-580-24190; 1998. p. 328.
   Google Scholar
• Chew KW, Yap JY, Show PL, et al. Microalgae biorefinery: high value products perspectives. Bioresour Technol. 2017;229:53–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nascimento IA, Marques SSI, Cabanelas ITD, et al. Screening microalgae strains for biodiesel production: lipid productivity and estimation of fuel quality based on fatty acids profiles as selective criteria. BioEnergy Res. 2013;6:1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra S, Anand K, Mehta PS. Predicting the cetane number of biodiesel fuels from their fatty acid methyl ester composition. Energy Fuels. 2016;30:10425–10434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak HS, Kim JYH, Woo HM, et al. Synergistic effect of multiple stress conditions for improving microalgal lipid production. Algal Res. 2016;19:215–224.
   Google Scholar
• Kandiyoti R, Herod A, Bartle K, et al. 1–Fossil fuels and renewables. Solid fuels and heavy hydrocarbon liquids. 2nd ed. Oxford: Elsevier; 2017, p. 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Suganya T, Varman M, Masjuki HH, et al. Macroalgae and microalgae as a potential source for commercial applications along with biofuels production: a biorefinery approach. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2016;55:909–941.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuepker B, Commission E, editor. European renewable energy policy. Brussels (Belgium): European Commission; 2015. p. 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Sharif Hossain ABM, Salleh A. Biodiesel fuel production from algae as renewable energy. Am J Biochem Biotechnol. 2008;4:250–254.
   Google Scholar
• Schenk PM, Thomas-Hall SR, Stephens E, et al. Second generation biofuels: high-efficiency micro- algae for biodiesel production. BioEnergy Res. 2008;1:20–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman B, Butterfield RO, Pryde EH. Transesteriication kinetics of soybean oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1986;63:1375–1380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lardon L, Hélias A, Sialve B, et al. Life-cycle assessment of biodiesel production from microalgae. Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43:6475–6481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallenbeck PC, Grogger M, Mraz M, et al. Solar biofuels production with microalgae. Appl Energy. 2016;179:136–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan L, Owende P. Biofuels from microalgae – a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2010;14:557–577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirayama S, Ueda R, Ogushi Y, et al. Ethanol production from carbon dioxide by fermentative microalgae. Stud Surf Sci Catal. 1998;657–660.
   Google Scholar
• Williams P, Laurens L. Microalgae as biodiesel & biomass feedstocks: review & analysis of the biochemistry, energetics & economics. Energy Environ Sci. 2010;3:554–590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diltz R, Pullammanappallil P. In: Fang Z, editor. Biofuels from algae, liquid, gaseous and solid biofuels–conversion techniques. InTech; 2013, London, United Kingdom.
   Google Scholar
• Tsukahara K, Sawayama S. Liquid fuel production using microalgae. J Jpn Petrol Inst. 2005;48:251–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KEMA Inc. Algae-to-energy opportunities in Louisiana: a market potential report. Louisiana Economic Development; 2009, Burlington, M.A.
   Google Scholar
• Sukenik A, Yamaguchi Y, Livne A. Alterations in lipid molecular species of the marine eustigma tophyte Nannochlorosis Sp.1. J Phycol. 1993;29:620–626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres EA, Cerqueira GS, Ferrer TM, et al. Recovery of different waste vegetable oils for biodiesel production: a pilot experience in Bahia State, Brazil. Waste Manage. 2013;33:2670–2674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.07.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen Z. Microalgae as a feedstock for biofuel production. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication; 2009. p. 442–886,Petersburg, VA, United State, http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442-886.
   Google Scholar
• Hu Q, Zhang C, Sommerfeld M. Biodiesel from algae: lessons learned over the past 60 years and future perspectives. J Phycol. 2006;42:12–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin YS, Choi HI, Choi JW, et al. Multilateral approach on enhancing economic viability of lipid production from microalgae: a review. Bioresour Technol. 2018;258:335–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker EW. Microalgae: biotechnology and microbiology. Cambridge University Press,Tübingen, Germany; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao G, Yu J, Jiang F, et al. The effect of different trophic modes on lipid accumulation of Scenedesmus quadricauda. Bioresour Technol. 2012;114:466–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Hu H, Gan K, et al. Effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on the growth, nutrient uptake, and lipid accumulation of a freshwater microalga Scenedesmus sp. Bioresour Technol. 2010;101:5494–5500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rios LF, Klein BC, Luz LF, et al. Nitrogen starvation for lipid accumulation in the microalga species Desmodesmus sp. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2015;175:469–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibi G, Shetty V, Mokashi K. Enhanced lipid productivity approaches in microalgae as an alternate for fossil fuels–a review. J Energy Inst. 2016;89:330–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cetin M. Energy and emission analysis in the highway transportation sector of Turkey. J Res Mech Eng. 2017;3:17–24.
   Google Scholar
• Turkish Oil Industry Association (PETDER2015). Sector report. 2015 [accessed 2017 Nov 27]. Available from: http://www.petder.org.tr/Uploads/Document/96966a12-dff1-41b8-82d4-656769ddaad9.pdf?v-636473822170132192
   Google Scholar
• TUIK. Tüketici fiyat endeksi (2003 = 100) madde sepeti ve ortalama fiyatlar (Türkiye). 2018 [accessed 2018 Mar 3]. Available from: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=653
   Google Scholar
• Yaşar B. Türkiye’de Biyodizel Üretim Maliyeti ve Yaşanan Sorunlar. VII. Ulusal Temiz Enerji Sempozyumu, UTES’2008; 2008. p. 197–204.
   Google Scholar
• Spang ES, Moomaw WR, Gallagher KS, et al. The water consumption of energy production: an international comparison. Environ Res Lett. 2014;9:105002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harto C, Meyers R, Williams E. Life cycle water use of low carbon transport fuels. Energy Policy. 2010;38:4933–4944.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu L, Nugroho YK, Shakeel SR, et al. Using microalgae to produce liquid transportation biodiesel: what is next? Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017;78:391–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Energyskeptic. Dozens of reasons why the world doesn’t run on algal biofuels. 2015. Available from: http://energyskeptic.com/2015/algae/ [accessed date: 8 July 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Khan S, Siddique R, Sajjad W, et al. Biodiesel production from algae to overcome the energy crisis. HAYATI J Biosci. 2017;24:163–167.
   Google Scholar
• Nwokoagbara E, Olaleye AK, Wang M. Biodiesel from microalgae: the use of multi-criteria decision analysis for strain selection. Fuel. 2015;159:241–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viswanath B, Mutanda T, White S, et al. The microalgae–a future source of biodiesel. Dynamic Biochem Process Biotechnol Mol Biol. 2010;4:37–47.
   Google Scholar