Performance and emission levels of butanol, acetone-butanol-ethanol, butanol-acetone/diesel blends in a diesel engine

References

• Walsh M. Mobile source related air pollution: effects on health and the environment. Encyclopedia Environ Health. 2011;3:803–809.
   Google Scholar
• Shuai C, Shen L, Jiao L, et al. Identifying key impact factors on carbon emission: Evidences from panel and time-series data of 125 countries from 1990 to 2011. Appl Energy. 2017;187:310–325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SH, Youn IM, Lee CS. Influence of ethanol blends on the combustion performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a four-cylinder diesel engine at various engine loads and injection timings. Fuel. 2011;90(2) :748–755.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tse H, Leung CW, Cheung CS. Investigation on the combustion characteristics and particulate emissions from a diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends. Energy. 2015;83:343–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Cho JH, Park J, et al. Advances in diesel–alcohol blends and their effects on the performance and emissions of diesel engines. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2013;22:46–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahir SA, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, et al. Performance and emission assessment of diesel–biodiesel–ethanol/bioethanol blend as a fuel in diesel engines: A review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2015;48:62–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labeckas G, Slavinskas S, Mažeika M. The effect of ethanol–diesel–biodiesel blends on combustion, performance and emissions of a direct injection diesel engine. Energy Convers Manage. 2014;79:698–720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armas O, García-Contreras R, Ramos Á. Pollutant emissions from engine starting with ethanol and butanol diesel blends. Fuel Process Technol. 2012;100:63–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayin C. Engine performance and exhaust gas emissions of methanol and ethanol–diesel blends. Fuel. 2010;89(11):3410–3415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin C, Yao M, Liu H, et al. Progress in the production and application of n-butanol as a biofuel. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2011;15(8):4080–4106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahir SA, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, et al. Feasibility of diesel–biodiesel–ethanol/bioethanol blend as existing CI engine fuel: An assessment of properties, material compatibility, safety and combustion. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2014;32:379–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz N. Comparative analysis of biodiesel–ethanol–diesel and biodiesel–methanol–diesel blends in a diesel engine. Energy. 2012;40(1):210–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pidol L, Lecointe B, Starck L, et al. Ethanol–biodiesel–Diesel fuel blends: Performances and emissions in conventional Diesel and advanced Low Temperature Combustions. Fuel. 2012;93:329–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulwan DB, Joshi SV. Performance, emission and combustion characteristic of a multicylinder DI diesel engine running on diesel–ethanol–biodiesel blends of high ethanol content. Appl Energy. 2011;88(12):5042–5055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surawski NC, Ristovski ZD, Brown RJ, et al. Gaseous and particle emissions from an ethanol fumigated compression ignition engine. Energy Convers Manage. 2012;54(1):145–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghadikolaei MA. Effect of alcohol blend and fumigation on regulated and unregulated emissions of IC engines—A review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2016;57:1440–1495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Liu J, Han Z, et al. Study on performance and emissions of a passenger-car diesel engine fueled with butanol–diesel blends. Energy. 2013;55:638–646.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbaiah GV, Gopal KR, Hussain SA, et al. Rice bran oil biodiesel as an additive in diesel-ethanol blends for diesel engines. Int J Res Rev Appl Sci. 2010;3(3):334–342.
   Google Scholar
• Cheenkachorn K, Fungtammasan B. An investigation of diesel-ethanol-biodiesel blends for diesel engine: Part 2—emission and engine performance of a light-duty truck. Energy Sources Part A. 2010;32(10):894–900.
   Google Scholar
• Dürre P. Biobutanol: an attractive biofuel. Biotechnol J. 2007;2(12):1525–1534.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merola SS, Tornatore C, Iannuzzi SE, et al. Combustion process investigation in a high speed diesel engine fuelled with n-butanol diesel blend by conventional methods and optical diagnostics. Renewable Energy. 2014;64:225–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanai T, Han X, Wang M, et al. Clean combustion in a diesel engine using direct injection of Neat n-Butanol. SAE Int J Engines. 2014;22:128–132.
   Google Scholar
• Mittal N, Patanwal P, Sithananthan M, et al. Experimental investigation of n-butanol diesel fuel blends on a passenger car. SAE Int J Engines. 2015;33:78–84.
   Google Scholar
• Siwale L, Kristóf L, Adam T, et al. Combustion and emission characteristics of n-butanol/diesel fuel blend in a turbo-charged compression ignition engine. Fuel. 2013;107:409–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramalingam S, Rajendran S, Ganesan P. Performance improvement and exhaust emissions reduction in biodiesel operated diesel engine through the use of operating parameters and catalytic converter: A review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2018;81:3215–3222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armas O, García-Contreras R, Ramos Á. Pollutant emissions from New European Driving Cycle with ethanol and butanol diesel blends. Fuel Process Technol. 2014;122:64–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karabektas M, Hosoz M. Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using isobutanol–diesel fuel blends. Renewable Energy. 2009;34(6):1554–1559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atmanli A, Ileri E, Yuksel B, et al. Extensive analyses of diesel–vegetable oil–n-butanol ternary blends in a diesel engine. Appl Energy. 2015;145:155–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atmanlı A, Yüksel B, İleri E. Experimental investigation of the effect of diesel–cotton oil–n-butanol ternary blends on phase stability, engine performance and exhaust emission parameters in a diesel engine. Fuel. 2013;109:503–511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakopoulos DC. Combustion and emissions of cottonseed oil and its bio-diesel in blends with either n-butanol or diethyl ether in HSDI diesel engine. Fuel. 2013;105:603–613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doğan O. The influence of n-butanol/diesel fuel blends utilization on a small diesel engine performance and emissions. Fuel. 2011;90(7):2467–2472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Algayyim SJM, Wandel AP, Yusaf T. Mixtures of n-butanol and iso-butanol blended with diesel: experimental investigation of combustion characteristics, engine performance and emission levels in a compression ignition engine. Biofuels.2018. 9:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Heywood JB. Internal combustion engine fundamentals. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Rakopoulos D, Rakopoulos C, Giakoumis E, et al. Effects of butanol–diesel fuel blends on the performance and emissions of a high-speed DI diesel engine. Energy Convers Manage. 2010;51(10):1989–1997.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakopoulos D, Rakopoulos C, Hountalas D, et al. Investigation of the performance and emissions of bus engine operating on butanol/diesel fuel blends. Fuel. 2010;89(10):2781–2790.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao M, Wang H, Zheng Z, et al. Experimental study of n-butanol additive and multi-injection on HD diesel engine performance and emissions. Fuel. 2010;89(9):2191–2201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin Y, Lee T, Nithyanandan K, et al. Experimental investigation and analysis of combustion process in a diesel engine fueled with acetone-butanol-ethanol/diesel blends. Netherlands: SAE International; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Hasan MI, Al-Momany M. The effect of iso‐butanol‐diesel blends on engine performance. Transport. 2008;23(4):306–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentino G, Iannuzzi S, Corcione FE. Experimental investigation on the combustion and emissions of a light duty diesel engine fuelled with butanol-diesel blend. United Kingdom: SAE International; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Lebedevas S, Lebedeva G, Sendzikiene E, et al. Investigation of the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel fuel containing butanol under the conditions of diesel engine operation. Energy Fuels. 2010;24(8):4503–4509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi N, Ezeji TC. Butanol,’a superior biofuel’production from agricultural residues (renewable biomass): recent progress in technology. Biofuels, Bioprod Bioref. 2008;2(4):319–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi N, Blaschek H. ABE production from corn: a recent economic evaluation. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2001;27(5):292–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Li Z-G, Shi Z-P. Metabolic flux and transcriptional analysis elucidate higher butanol/acetone ratio feature in ABE extractive fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum using cassava substrate. Bioresour Bioprocess. 2014;1(1):1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Lee TH, Lin Y, Wu H, et al. Characterization spray and combustion processes of Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) in a Constant Volume Chamber.Netherlands: SAE Technical Paper; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou N, Huo M, Wu H, et al. Low temperature spray combustion of acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) and diesel blends. Appl Energy. 2014;117:104–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma X, Zhang F, Han K, et al. Evaporation characteristics of acetone–butanol–ethanol and diesel blends droplets at high ambient temperatures. Fuel. 2015;160:43–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao J, Choudhary R, Peng Y, et al. A shock tube study of n-heptane, iso-octane, n-dodecane and iso-octane/n-dodecane blends oxidation at elevated pressures and intermediate temperatures. Fuel. 2019;243:541–553.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang Y-C, Lee W-J, Wu TS, et al. Use of water containing acetone–butanol–ethanol for NOx-PM (nitrogen oxide-particulate matter) trade-off in the diesel engine fueled with biodiesel. Energy. 2014;64:678–687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balamurugan T, Nalini R. Experimental investigation on the effect of alkanes blending on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of four-stroke diesel engine. Int J Ambient Energy. 2016;37(2) :192–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell J, Johnston R, Androulakis I. Molecular structure effects on laminar burning velocities at elevated temperature and pressure. SAE Paper. 2004;1:2936–2958.
   Google Scholar
• Valentino G, Corcione FE, Iannuzzi SE, et al. Experimental study on performance and emissions of a high speed diesel engine fuelled with n-butanol diesel blends under premixed low temperature combustion. Fuel. 2012;92(1) :295–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang Y-C, Lee W-J, Lin S-L, et al. Green energy: Water-containing acetone–butanol–ethanol diesel blends fueled in diesel engines. Appl Energy. 2013;109:182–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwangi JK, Lee W-J, Chang Y-C, et al. An overview: Energy saving and pollution reduction by using green fuel blends in diesel engines. Appl Energy. 2015;159:214–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi X, Pang X, Mu Y, et al. Emission reduction potential of using ethanol–biodiesel–diesel fuel blend on a heavy-duty diesel engine. Atmos Environ. 2006;40(14):2567–2574.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu F, Wang J, Chen W, et al. A study on emission performance of a diesel engine fueled with five typical methyl ester biodiesels. Atmos Environ. 2009;43(7):1481–1485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Algayyim SJM, Wandel AP. Comparative study of spray characteristics of butanol, acetone-butanol-ethanol, butanol-acetone-diesel, Proceeding of the Australia Combustion Symposium, Adelaide; Australia: The University of Adelaide; Dec 4-6, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Wu H, Nithyanandan K, Zhou N, et al. Impacts of acetone on the spray combustion of Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol (ABE)-Diesel blends under low ambient temperature. Fuel. 2015;142:109–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu H, Nithyanandan K, Zhang J, et al. Impacts of acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) ratio on spray and combustion characteristics of ABE–diesel blends. Appl Energy. 2015;149:367–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Algayyim SJ, Murad AP, Wandel T, et al. Experimental study of spray characteristics, engine performance and emission levels of acetone-butanol-ethanol mixture-diesel blends in a diesel engine. 11th Asia-Pacific Conference on Combustion; 2017 Dec 10–14; NSW, Australia: The University of Sydney; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Algayyim SJM, Wandel AP, Yusaf T, et al. Impact of butanol-acetone mixture as a fuel additive on diesel engine performance and emissions. Fuel. 2018;227:118–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang S, Xu Z, Lee T, et al. A semi-detailed chemical kinetic mechanism of Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) and diesel blends for combustion simulations. SAE Int J Engines. 2016;9(1) :631–640.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Meng L, Nithyanandan K, et al. Combustion, performance and emissions characteristics of a spark-ignition engine fueled with isopropanol-n-butanol-ethanol and gasoline blends. Fuel. 2016;184:864–872.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson DF, Zhu Y, Shao J, et al. Ignition delay time correlations for distillate fuels. Fuel. 2017;187:26–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar