Performance comparison of biomethane, natural gas and gasoline in powering a pickup truck

References

• Koonphapdeelert S, Aggarangsi P, Moran J, Biomethane: production and applications. Singapore: Springer Nature; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Madhusudhanan AK, Na X, Boies A, et al. Modelling and evaluation of a biomethane truck for transport performance and cost. Transp Res D Transp Environ. 2020;87:102530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravigne E, Costa P. Economic and environmental performances of natural gas for heavy trucks: a case study on the French automotive industry supply chain. Energy Policy. 2021;149, 112019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins P, Milton G, Atkins A, et al. A local ecosystem assessment of the potential for net negative Heavy-Duty truck greenhouse gas emissions through biomethane upcycling. Energies. 2021;14(4):806–862.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardolino F, Parrillo F, Arena U. Biowaste-to-biomethane or biowaste-to-energy? An LCA study on anaerobic digestion of organic waste. J Cleaner Prod. 2018;174:462–476.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Biogas Association. Biomethane in transportation. EBA; Brussels, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Prussi M, Julea A, Lonza L, et al. Biomethane as alternative fuel for the EU road sector: analysis of existing and planned infrastructure. Energy Strategy Rev. 2021;33:100612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majer S, Oehmichen K, Kirchmeyr F, et al. Calculation of GHG emission caused by biomethane. Leipzig: BIOSURF; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Arteconi A, Spitoni M, Polonara F, et al. The feasibility of liquefied biomethane as alternative fuel: a comparison between European and Chinese markets. Int J Ambient Energy. 2016;38(5):481–488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanmugam K, Tysklind M, Upadhyayula VK. Use of liquefied biomethane (LBM) as a vehicle fuel for road freight transportation: a case study evaluating environmental performance of using LBM for operation of tractor trailers. Procedia CIRP. 2018;69:517–522.
   Google Scholar
• Zuccari F, Santiangeli A, Dell’Era A, et al. Use of biomethane for auto motive application: primary energy balance and well to wheel analysis. Energy Procedia. 2015;81:255–271.
   Google Scholar
• L. Svensson. Biomethane for transport applications. In: The biogas handbook. Woodhead Publishing; Sweden, 2013. p. 428–443.
   Google Scholar
• Jahirul M, Masjuki H, Saidur R, et al. Comparative engine performance and emission analysis of CNG and gasoline in a retrofitted car engine. Appl Therm. Eng. 2010;30(14–15):2219–2226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalam M, Masjuki H. An experimental investigation of high performance natural gas engine with direct injection. Energy. 2011;36(5):3563–3571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Huang Z, Fang Y, et al. Combustion behaviors of a direct-injection engine operating on various fractions of natural gas-hydrogen blends. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2007;32(15):3555–3564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sendzikiene E, Rimkus A, Melaika M, et al. Impact of biomethane gas on energy and emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine fuelled with a stoichiometric mixture at various ignition advance angles. Fuel. 2015;162:194–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Zhu M, Zhang Z, et al. Combustion and emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine fuelled with biogas from two-phase anaerobic digestion (T-PAD). Energy Procedia. 2017;105:137–142.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll S. The Coca-Cola Enterprises biomethane trial report. Cenex, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll S. Camden biomethane trial results. Cenex, Camden, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Owczuk M, Matuszewska A, Kruczyński S, et al. Evaluation of using biogas to supply the dual fuel diesel engine of an agricultural tractor. Energies. 2019;12(6):1071.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kammuang-Lue N, Bhudtiyatanee M. Optimum ratio of compressed biomethane gas as dual fuel in turbocharged common rail diesel engine. J Inst Energy. 2018;91(6):1113–1125.
   Google Scholar
• Gaikwad M, Kolekar A, Keshav J, et al. Performance and emission characteristics of Biomethane-Diesel dual fueled CI engine in the presence of exhaust gas recirculation. Int J Ambient Energy. 2020;1–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim C, Kim D, Song C, et al. Performance and emission characteristics of a vehicle fueled with enriched biogas and natural gases. Appl Energy. 2015;139(1):17–29.
   Google Scholar
• Li Y, Xue J, Peppers J, et al. Chemical and toxicological properties of emissions from a Light-Duty compressed natural gas vehicle fueled with renewable natural gas. Environ Sci Technol. 2021;55(5):2820–2830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IRENA. Biogas for road vehicles: technology brief. International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Larsson M, Gronkvist S, Alvfors P. Upgraded biogas for transport in Sweden – effects of policy instruments on production, infrastructure deployment and vehicle sales. J Cleaner Prod. 2016;112(5):3774–3784.
   Google Scholar
• Brauer HB, Khan J. Diffusion of biogas for freight transport in Sweden: a user perspective. J Cleaner Prod. 2021;312:127738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EN 16723-2:2017. Natural gas and biomethane for use in transport and biomethane for injection in the natural gas network - part 2: automotive fuels specification, Brussels: European committee for standardization, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Thailand Department of Energy. Thailand Royal Gazette (in Thai). 5 September 2018. [Online]. Available: http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2561/E/216/T1.PDF [accessed 5 April 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Mittal M. Effect of compression ratio on the performance and emission characteristics, and cycle-to-cycle combustion variations of a Spark-Ignition engine fueled with bio-methane surrogate. Appl Therm Eng. 2019;148:1440–1453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taneerananon P, Suanpaga V, Kronprasert N, et al. An evaluation of the effectiveness of private vehicle inspection process in Thailand. J East Asia Soc Transp Stud. 2005;6:482–3496.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Land Transport. Thailand manual for vehicle inspection. Bangkok: DLT; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Thai Industrial Standard. Positive ignition engine vehicles; emission from engine, level 8. BKK: TIS 2540-2554, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Thai Industrial Standard. Light motor vehicle; fuelled with natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas; emission from engine, level 1. BKK: TIS 2555-2554, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Tsiakmakis S, Ciuffo B, Fontaras G, et al. From NEDC to WLTP: effect on the type-approval CO2 emissions of light-duty vehicles. EUR 28724 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Kammuang-Lue N, Boonjun J. Energy consumption of battery electric bus simulated from international driving cycles compared to real-world driving cycle in Chiang Mai. In 6th International Conference on Advances on Clean Energy Research, Barcelona, Spain, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament and Council. On the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure. Brussels: EU Directive 2014/94/EU, 2014.
   Google Scholar