References
- Levine GN, Kcaney JF Jr. Vila JA. Cholesterol reduction in cardiovascular disease. Clinical benefits and possible mechanisms. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332: 512–21.
- Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 1988; 37: 1595–607.
- DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance: a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care. 1991; 14: 173–94.
- Schocnberger JA, ed. Hypertension, lipids, and cardiovascular disease: is insulin the missing link ? Am J Med. 1991; 90 (Suppl 2A): 1S-88S.
- Desprds JP, Marette A. Relation of components of insulin resistance syndrome to coronary disease risk. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1994; 5: 274–89.
- Lebovitz HE. Syndrome X: fact or fiction ? In: Lefebvre PJ, Standi E. eds. New aspects in diabetes. Treatment strategies with alphaglucosidase inhibitors. Berlin, New York: W de Gruyter. 1992:2333.
- Jarrett RJ. In defence of insulin: a critique of syndrome X. Lancet. 1992; 340: 469–71.
- Jarrett RJ. Why is insulin not a risk factor for coronary heart disease ? Diabetologia. 1994; 37: 9457.
- Moller DE. Insulin resistance. Chichester: J Wiley. 1993: 1–425.
- Ferrannini E, ed. Insulin resistance and disease. Bailliere’s Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993; 7: 785–1105.
- Leffebvre PJ. Syndrome X. Diab Nutr Metab. 1993;6:61–5.
- Scheen AJ, Leftbvre PJ. Insulin action in man. Diabete Metab. 1996; 22: 105–10.
- Scheen AJ, Paquot N, Castillo MJ, Leffcbvre PJ. How to measure insulin action in vivo. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1994; 10: 151–88.
- Taskinen MR. Strategies for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1993; 4: 434–43.
- Scheen AJ, Paquot N, Letiexhe M, Paolisso G, Castillo MJ, Lefcbvre PJ. Glucose metabolism in obese subjects: lessons from OGTT, IVGTT, and clamp studies. Int J Obesity. 1995; 19 (Suppl 3): S14–S20.
- Reaven GM, Laws A. Insulin resistance, compensatory hyperinsulinaemia, and coronary heart disease. Diabetologia. 1994; 37: 948–52.
- Kaplan NM. The deadly quartet. Upper-body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 1989; 149: 1514–20.
- Juhan-Vague I, Alessi MC, Vague P. Increased plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 levels. A possible link between insulin resistance and atherothrombosis. Diabetologia. 1991; 34: 457–62.
- Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease (syndrome X): an expanded definition. AnnuRevMed. 1993; 44: 121–31.
- Scheen AJ, LeRsbvre PJ. Pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes. In: Kuhlmann J, Puis W. eds. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Oral Antidiabetics. Berlin: Springer. 1995: 7–42.
- Yki-Järvinen H. Role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of NIDDM. Diabetologia. 1995; 38: 1378–88.
- Frayn KN. Insulin resistance and lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1993; 4: 197–204.
- Taskinen MR. Insulin resistance and lipoprotein metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1995; 6: 153–60.
- Biihler FR, Julius S, Reaven GM, eds. A dimension in hypertension: role of insulin resistance. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1990; 15 (Suppl 5).
- Donahue RP, Skyler JS, Schneiderman B. Prineas RJ. Hyperinsulinemia and elevated blood pressure: cause, confounder, or coincidence ? Am J Epidemiol, 1990; 132: 827–36.
- Reaven GM, Lithell II, Landsberg L. Hypertension and associated metabolic abnormalities. The role of insulin resistance and the sympathoadrenal system. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334: 374–81.
- Vague J. The degree of masculine differentiation of obesities: a factor determining predisposition to diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout and uric-calculous disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1956; 4: 20–34.
- Zimmet P. Challenges in diabetes epidemiology. From West to the rest. Kelly West Lecture 1991. Diabetes Care. 1992; 15: 232–52.
- BjOrntorp P. Visceral obesity. A civilization syndrome. Obesity Res. 1993; 1:206–22.
- Van Gaal L, Vansant G, De Leeuw I. Upper body adiposity and the risk of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Nutr. 1989; 8: 504–14.
- Desprds JP. Abdominal obesity as important component of insulin-resistance syndrome. Nutrition. 1993; 9:452–9.
- Ferrannini E, Haffner SM, Mitchell BD. Stern MP. Hyperinsulinaemia: the key feature of a cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia. 1991; 3:416–22.
- Stout RW. Insulin and atheroma: 20-yr perspective. Diabetes Care. 1990; 13: 631–54.
- PyOraia K. Hyperinsulinemia as predictor of atherosclerotic vascular disease: epidemiological evidence. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1991; 17: 87–92.
- Fontbonne A. Why can high insulin levels indicate a risk for coronary heart disease ? Diabetologia, 1994, 37:953–5.
- Welborn TA, Wearne K. Coronary heart disease and cardiovascular mortality in Busselton with reference to glucose and insulin concentrations. Diabetes Care. 1979; 2:154–60.
- PyOraia K, Savolainen E, Kaukola S, Haapakoski J. Plasma insulin as coronary heart disease risk factor: relationship to other risk factors and predictive value over 9.5 year follow-up of the Helsinki Policemen Study population. Acta MedScand. 1985; 218 (Suppl 701): 38–52.
- Fontbonne A, Charles MA, Thibault N et al. Hyperinsulinaemia as a predictor of coronary heart disease mortality in a healthy population: the Paris Prospective Population Study. 15-year follow-up. Diabetologia. 1991; 34: 356–61.
- Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Morales PA, Stern MP. Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (Syndrome X). Diabetes. 1992; 41: 715–22.
- Solymoss BC, Marcil M, Chaour M, Gilfix BM, Poitras AM, Campeau L. Fasting hypcrinsulinism, insulin resistance syndrome, and coronary artery disease in men and women. Am J Cardiol. 1995, 76: 1152–56.
- Reaven GM. Syndrome X: is one enough ? Am Heart J. 1994; 127: 1439–42.
- Leftbvre PJ, Scheen AJ. Improving the action of insulin. Clin Invest Med. 1995; 18: 340–7.
- Donnelly R. Morris AD. Drugs and insulin resistance: clinical methods of evaluation and new pharmacological approaches to metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmac. 1994; 37: 311–20.
- Scheen AJ, Lefisbvre PJ. Pharmacological treatment of the obese diabetic patient. Diabete Metab. 1993; 19:547–59.