“Mind the gap please…”: estimated vs. measured A₁c from continuous measurement of interstitial glucose over a 3-month period in patients with type 1 diabetes

References

• Nathan DM, Genuth S, Lachin J, et al. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 30;329(14):977–986.
   Google Scholar
• Sacks DB. Measurement of hemoglobin A(1c): a new twist on the path to harmony. Diabetes Care. 2012 Dec;35(12):2674–2680.
   Google Scholar
• Nathan DM, Kuenen J, Borg R, et al. Translating the A1C assay into estimated average glucose values. Diabetes Care. 2008 Aug;31(8):1473–1478.
   Google Scholar
• World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Recommendations guiding physicians in biomedical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 1997;277:925–926.
   Google Scholar
• Monnier L, Colette C, Wojtusciszyn A, et al. Defining the threshold between low and high glucose variability in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2017 Jul;40(7):832–838.
   Google Scholar
• Radin MS. Pitfalls in hemoglobin A1c measurement: when results may be misleading. J Gen Intern Med. 2014 Feb;29(2):388–394.
   Google Scholar
• Danne T, Nimri R, Battelino T, et al. International consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:1631–1640.
   Google Scholar
• Little RR, Rohlfing CL, Wiedmeyer HM, et al. NGSP steering committee. The national glycohemoglobin standardization program: a five-year progress report. Clin Chem. 2001 Nov;47(11):1985–1992.
   Google Scholar
• Peacock TP, Shihabi ZK, Bleyer AJ, et al. Comparison of glycated albumin and hemoglobin A(1c) levels in diabetic subjects on hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 2008 May;73(9):1062–1068.
   Google Scholar
• Selvin E. Are there clinical implications of racial differences in HbA1c? A difference, to be a difference, must make a difference. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(8):1462–1467.
   Google Scholar
• Herman WH, Dungan KM, Wolffenbuttel BH, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in mean plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol in over 2000 patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:1689–1694.
   Google Scholar
• Snieder H, Sawtell PA, Ross L, et al. HbA1c levels are genetically determined even in type 1 diabetes: evidence from healthy and diabetic twins. Diabetes. 2001;50:2858–2863.
   Google Scholar
• Shrom D, Sarwat S, Ilag L, et al. Does A1c consistently reflect mean plasma glucose? J Diabetes. 2010;2:92–96.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey T, Bode WB, Christiansen MP, et al. The Performance and usability of a factory-calibrated flash glucose monitoring system. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2015 Nov 1;17(11):787–794.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen RM, Snieder H, Lindsell CJ, et al. Evidence for independent heritability of the glycation gap (glycosylation gap) fraction of HbA1c in non-diabetic twins. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(8):1739–1743.
   Google Scholar
• McCarter RJ, Hempe JM, Chalew SA. Mean blood glucose and biological variation have greater influence on HbA1c levels than glucose instability: an analysis of data from the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(2):352–355.
   Google Scholar
• Hempe JM, Gomez R, McCarter RJ, et al. High and low hemoglobin glycation phenotypes in type 1 diabetes: a challenge for interpretation of glycemic control. J Diabetes Complications. 2002;16(5):313–320.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson DM, Kollman C, Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group. Relationship of A1C to glucose concentrations in children with type 1 diabetes: assessments by high-frequency glucose determinations by sensors. Diabetes Care. 2008 Mar; 31(3):381–385.
   Google Scholar
• Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group, Wilson DM, Xing D, Beck RW, et al. Hemoglobin A1c and mean glucose in patients with type 1 diabetes: analysis of data from the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation continuous glucose monitoring randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2011;34(3):540–544.
   Google Scholar
• Bergenstal RM, Beck RW, Close KL, et al. Glucose Management Indicator (GMI): A new term for estimating A1C from continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care. 2018 Sep 17. Epub ahead of print. DOI:10.2337/dc18-1581
   Google Scholar
• Makris K, Spanou L. Is there a relationship between mean blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin? J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2011 Nov 1;5(6):1572–1583.
   Google Scholar