Interplay between metabolic and thyroid parameters in obese pubertal children. Does visceral adipose tissue make the first move?

References

• Lee YS. Consequences of childhood obesity. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2009;38:75–77.
   Google Scholar
• Gierach M, Gierach J, Junik R. Insulin resistance and thyroid disorders. Endokrynol Pol. 2014;65(1):70–76.
   Google Scholar
• Ali BAM, Mahrous DM, Ahmed DM. Thyroid function status in obese children. J DiabetesMetab. 2016;7:665.
   Google Scholar
• Reinehr T, Andler W. Thyroid hormones before and after weight loss in obesity. Arch Dis Child. 2002;87:320–323.
   Google Scholar
• Feldt-Rasmussen U. Thyroid and leptin. Thyroid. 2007;17:413–419.
   Google Scholar
• De Souza LL, Guedes EP. Dos Santos Teixeira PF, et al. Serum TSH levels are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese adolescents. J De Pediatria. 2016;92(5):532–538.
   Google Scholar
• Holtorf K. Thyroid hormone transport into cellular tissue. J Restor Med. 2014;3(1):53–68.
   Google Scholar
• Radetti G, Kleon W, Buzi F, et al. Thyroid function and structure are affected in childhood obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(12):4749–4754.
   Google Scholar
• Chen H, Zhang H, Tang W, et al. Thyroid function and morphology in overweight and obese children and adolescents in a Chinese population. J Pediatr Endocrinol Meta B. 2013;26(5–6):489–496.
   Google Scholar
• Kaltenbach TEM, Graeter T, Oeztuerk S, et al. Thyroid dysfunction and hepatic steatosis in overweight children and adolescents. Pediatr Obesity. 2017;12:67–74.
   Google Scholar
• Borzio M, Caldara R, Borzio F, et al. Thyroid function tests in chronic liver disease: evidence for multiple abnormalities despite clinical euthyroidism. Gut. 1983;24:631–636.
   Google Scholar
• Child growth standards and 2007 growth reference charts World Health Organization 2006. [cited 2018 february 20]:[7p.]. Available from: http://www.who.int/growthref/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Maffeis C, Banzato C, Talamini G. Waist-to-height ratio, a useful index to identify high metabolic risk in overweight children. J Pediatr. 2008;152(2):207–213.
   Google Scholar
• Bacopoulou F, Efthymiou V, Landis G, et al. Waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio reference percentiles for abdominal obesity among Greek adolescents. BMC Pediatr. 2015;15:50.
   Google Scholar
• National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on Hypertension Control in Children and Adolescents. Update on the 1987 task force report on high blood pressure in children and adolescents: a working group report from the national high blood pressure education program. Pediatrics. 1996;98:649–658.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Arch Dis Child. 1970;45(239):13–23.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Arch Dis Child. 1969;44(235):291–303.
   Google Scholar
• Alberti K, Zimmet P, Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Lancet. 2007;369:2059–2061.
   Google Scholar
• Ballerini MG, Bergadá I, Rodríguez ME, et al. Insulin level and insulin sensitivity indices among healthy children and adolescents. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2016;114(4):329–336.
   Google Scholar
• Burrows R, Correa-Burrows P, Reyes M, et al. Healthy chilean adolescents with HOMA-IR ≥ 2.6 have increased cardiometabolic risk: association with genetic, biological, and environmental factors. J Diabetes Res. 2015;1:8.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmermann MB, Hess SY, Molinari L, et al. New reference values for thyroid volume by ultrasound in iodine- sufficient schoolchildren: a world health organization/nutrition for health and development iodine deficiency study group report. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:231–237.
   Google Scholar
• Shannon A, Alkhouri N, Carter-Kent C, et al. Ultra-sonographic quantitative estimation of hepatic steatosis in children with NAFLD. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011;53:190–195.
   Google Scholar
• Kim SK, Kim HJ, Hur KY, et al. Visceral fat thickness measured by ultrasonography can estimate not only visceral obesity but also risks of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:593–599.
   Google Scholar
• Jäntschi L, Bolboacă SD. Exact probabilities and confidence limits for binomial samples: applied to the difference between two proportions. Scient World J. 2010;10:865–878.
   Google Scholar
• Muscogiuri G, Sorice GP, Mezza T, et al. High-normal TSH values in obesity: is it insulin resistance or adipose tissue’s guilt? Obesity. 2013;21:101–106.
   Google Scholar
• De Pergola G, Ciampolillo A, Paolotti S, et al. Free triiodothyronine and thyroid stimulating hormone are directly associated with waist circumference, independently of insulin resistance, metabolic parameters and blood pressure in overweight and obese women. Clin Endocrinol. 2007;67:265–269.
   Google Scholar
• Wang N, Fang H, Fu C, et al. Associations of adiposity measurements with thyroid nodules in Chinese children living in iodine-sufficient areas: an observational study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(10):e016706.
   Google Scholar
• Kimura T, Van Keymeulen A, Golstein J, et al. Regulation of thyroid cell proliferation by TSH and other factors: a critical evaluation of in vitro models. Endocr Rev. 2001;22(22):631–656.
   Google Scholar
• Gursoy A. Rising thyroid cancer incidence in the world might be related to insulin resistance. Med Hypotheses. 2010;74(74):35–36.
   Google Scholar
• Xu W, Chen Z, Li N, et al. Relationship of anthropometric measurements to thyroid nodules in a Chinese population. BMJ Open. 2015;5(12):e008452.
   Google Scholar
• Yelluri SK. Incidence and etiology of thyroid disorders in children, international journal of contemporary pediatrics. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2016;3(2):593–596.
   Google Scholar
• Topsakal S, Yerlikaya E, Akin F, et al. Relation with HOMA-IR and thyroid hormones in obese Turkish women with metabolic syndrome. Eating Weight Disord - Stud Anorexia Bulimia Obesity. 2012;17(1):57–61.
   Google Scholar
• Gyawali P, Takanche JS, Shrestha RK, et al. Pattern of thyroid dysfunction in patients with metabolic syndrome and its relationship with components of metabolic syndrome. Diab Metab. 2015;39(1):66–73.
   Google Scholar
• Van Den Berg EH, van Tienhoven-Wind LJ, Amini M, et al. Higher free triiodothyronine is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in euthyroid subjects: the lifelines cohort study. Metabolism. 2017;67:62–71.
   Google Scholar
• Nannipieri M, Cecchetti F, Anselmino M, et al. Expression of thyrotropin and thyroid hormone receptors in adipose tissue of patients with morbid obesity and/or type 2 diabetes: effects of weight loss. Int J Obes. 2009;33:1001–1006.
   Google Scholar
• Marzullo P, Minocci A, Tagliaferri MA, et al. Investigations of thyroid hormones and antibodies in obesity: leptin levels are associated with thyroid autoimmunity independent of bioanthropometric, hormonal, and weight-related determinants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(8):3965–3972.
   Google Scholar
• Brüning JC, Gautam D, Burks DJ, et al. Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body wight and reproduction. Science. 2000;289:2122–2125.
   Google Scholar
• Antunes TT, Gagnon A, Langille ML, et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone induces interleukin-6 release from human adipocytes through activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway. Endocrinol. 2008;149:3062–3066.
   Google Scholar
• Torun E, Özgen İT, Gökçe S, et al. Thyroid hormone levels in obese children and adolescents with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2014;6(1):34–39.
   Google Scholar
• Kokkotou E, Marafelia P, Mantzos EI, et al. Serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is increased in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. Metab Clin Exp. 2002;51(11):1489–1493.
   Google Scholar
• Codoñer-Franch P, Navarro-Ruiz A, Fernández-Ferri M, et al. A matter of fat: insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012;13(5):392–399.
   Google Scholar