Determinants and impact of household's out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure in Sudan: evidence from urban and rural populationFootnote^*

* The contents and recommendations do not necessarily reflect ERF's views.

References

• Akinkugbe, O., & Chama-Chiliba, C. (2012). Health financing and catastrophic payments for health care: Evidence from household-level survey data in Botswana and Lesotho. African Development Review, 24(4), 358–370. doi: 10.1111/1467-8268.12006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berki, S. (1986). A Look at catastrophic medical expenses and the poor. Health Affairs, 5(4), 139–145. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.5.4.138
   Google Scholar
• Brown, S., Hole, A. R., & Kilic, D. (2014). Out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure in Turkey: Analysis of the 2003–2008 household budget surveys. Economic Modelling, 41, 211–218. doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2014.05.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri, A., & Roy, K. (2008). Changes in out-of-pocket payments for healthcare in Vietnam and its impact on equity in payments, 1992–2002. Health Policy, 88(1), 38–48. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2008.02.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, T. B., Liu, T. C., Chen, C. S., Tsai, Y. W., & Chiu, W. T. (2005). Household out-of-pocket medical expenditures and national health insurance in Taiwan: Income and regional inequality. BMC Health Services Research, 5(1), 60–68. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-5-60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Damme, W. V., Leemput, L. V., Hardeman, W., & Meessen, B. (2004). Out-of-pocket health expenditure and debt in poor households: Evidence from Cambodia. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 9(2), 273–280. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01194.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Ministry of Health. (2009). Sudan households health utilization and expenditure survey. Khartoum: Sudan's Federal Ministry of Health.
   Google Scholar
• Fink, G., Robyn, P. J., Sie, A., & Sauerborn, R. (2013). Does health insurance improve health?: Evidence from a randomized community-based insurance rollout in rural Burkina Faso. Journal of Health Economics, 32(6), 1043–1056. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2013.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman, M. (1972). On the concept of health capital and demand for health. The Journal of Political Economy, 80(2), 223–255. doi: 10.1086/259880
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckman, J. J. (1979). Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica, 47(1), 153–161. doi: 10.2307/1912352
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjortsberg, C. (2003). Why do the sick not utilise health care? The case of Zambia. Health Economics, 12(9), 755–770. doi: 10.1002/hec.839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jowett, M., Contoyannis, P., & Vinh, N. D. (2003). The impact of public voluntary health insurance on private health expenditures in Vietnam. Social Science and Medicine, 56(2), 333–342. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00031-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karimo, M. (2014). Determinants of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure in the South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria. International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management, 3(6), 295–300.
   Google Scholar
• Kavosi, Z., Rashidian, A., Pourreza, A., Majdzadeh, R., Pourmalek, F., Hosseinpour, A. R., & Arab, M. (2012). Inequality in household catastrophic healthcare expenditure in a low-income society of Iran. Health Policy and Planning, 27(7), 613–623. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czs001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., & Yang, B. (2011). Relationship between CATHE and household incomes and expenditure patterns in South Korea. Health Policy, 100(2), 239–246. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lechtenfeld, T., & Lohmann, S. (2014). The effect of drought on health outcomes and health expenditures in rural Vietnam (No. 156). Courant Research Centre: Poverty, Equity and Growth-Discussion Papers.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Y., Wu, Q., Xu, L., Legge, D., Hao, Y., Gao, L., & Wan, G. (2012). Factors affecting CATHE and impoverishment from medical expenses in China: Policy implications of universal health insurance. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 90(9), 664–671. doi: 10.2471/BLT.12.102178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, H., & Zhao, Z. (2014). Does health insurance matter? Evidence from China’s urban resident basic medical insurance. Journal of Comparative Economics, 42(4), 1007–1020. doi: 10.1016/j.jce.2014.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre, D., Thiede, M., Dahlgren, G., & Whitehead, M. (2006). What are the economic consequences for households of illness and of paying for healthcare in low-and middle-income country contexts? Social Science and Medicine, 62(4), 858–865. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’donnell, O., van Doorslaer, E., Rannan-Eliya, R. P., Somanathan, A., Adhikari, S. R., Akkazieva, B., & Zhao, Y. (2008). Who pays for healthcare in Asia? Journal of Health Economics, 27(2), 460–475. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, W., & Wang, R. (1997). Household income and healthcare expenditure in Mexico. Health Policy, 40, 237–255. doi: 10.1016/S0168-8510(97)00011-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rous, J., & Hotchkiss, D. (2003). An empirical analysis of the determinants of household HealthCare expenditures in Nepal with controls for endogenous illness and provider choice: A full-information maximum likelihood estimation. Health Economics, 12(6), 431–451. (tier 1). doi: 10.1002/hec.727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, S. (1996). Ability to pay for healthcare: Concepts and evidence. Health Policy and Planning, 11(3), 219–237. doi: 10.1093/heapol/11.3.219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salim, A., & Hamed, F.. (2018). Exploring health insurance services in Sudan from the perspectives of insurers. SAGE Open Medicine, 6, 1–10. doi: 10.1177/2050312117752298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somkotra, T., & Lagrada, L. (2009). Which households are at risk of catastrophic health spending: Experience in Thailand after universal coverage. Health Affairs, 28(3), w467–w478. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.28.3.w467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaan, E., Mathijssen, J., Tromp, N., McBain, F., & Have, A. T. (2012). The impact of health insurance in Africa and Asia: A systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 90(9), 685–692. doi: 10.2471/BLT.12.102301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, T., Kouyaté, B., & Flessa, S. (2006). Catastrophic household expenditure for healthcare in a low-income society: A study from Nouna District, Burkina Faso. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 84(1), 21–27. doi: 10.2471/BLT.05.023739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Doorslaer, E., O'Donnell, O., Rannan-Eliya, R., Somanathan, A., Adhikari, S., Garg, C. C., & Zhao, Y. (2006). Effect of payments for healthcare on poverty estimates in 11 countries in Asia: An analysis of household survey data. The Lancet, 368(9544), 1357–1364. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69560-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Minh, H., Phuong, N., Saksena, P., James, C., & Xu, K. (2013). Financial burden of household out-of pocket health expenditure in Viet Nam: Findings from the national living Standard survey 2002–2010. Social Science and Medicine, 96, 258–263. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.11.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagstaff, A. (2008). Measuring financial protection in health. World bank policy research working paper, (4554).
   Google Scholar
• Wagstaff, A., Lindelow, M., Jun, G., Ling, X., & Juncheng, Q. (2009). Extending health insurance to the rural population: An impact evaluation of China's new cooperative medical scheme. Journal of Health Economics, 28(1), 1–19. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2008.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagstaff, A., & van Doorslaer, E. (2003). Catastrophe and impoverishment in paying for health care: with applications to Vietnam 1993–1998. Health Economics, 12(11), 921–933. doi: 10.1002/hec.776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2014). World development indicators 2014.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2016). World Bank’s development indicators. Accessed 10, September, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2010). Country Cooperation Strategy for WHO and Sudan, 2008–2013. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Eastern Mediterranean.
   Google Scholar
• Wyszewianski, L. (1986). Families with catastrophic healthcare expenditures. Health Services Research, 21(5), 617–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, K., Evans, D., Kadama, P., Nabyonga, J., Ogwal, P., Nabukhonzo, P., & Aguilar, A. M. (2006). Understanding the impact of eliminating user fees: Utilization and CATHE in Uganda. Social Science and Medicine, 62(4), 866–876. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, K., Evans, D., Kawabata, K., Zeramdini, R., Klavus, J., & Murray, C. (2003). Household CATHE: A multicountry analysis. The Lancet, 362(9378), 111–117. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13861-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yardim, M., Cilingiroglu, N., & Yardim, N. (2010). CATHE and impoverishment in Turkey. Health Policy, 94(1), 26–33. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2009.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar