References
- Alderman, H. (1993). Obtaining useful data on household incomes from surveys. In J. von Braun, & D. Puetz (Eds.), Data needs for food policy in developing countries: New directions for household surveys (pp. 193–201). IFPRI.
- Alvaredo, F., Assouad, L., & Piketty, T. (2019). Measuring inequality in the Middle East 1990–2016: The world’s most unequal region? Review of Income and Wealth, 75(4), 685–711. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12385
- Amarante, V. (2016). Income inequality in Latin America: A factor component analysis. Review of Income and Wealth, 62(S1), S4–S21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12236
- Arampatzi, E., Burger, M., Ianchovichina, E., Röhricht, T., & Veenhoven, R. (2018). Unhappy development: dissatisfaction with life on the eve of the Arab spring. Review of Income and Wealth, 64(S1), S80–S113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12388
- Assaad, R., Ghazouani, S., Krafft, C., & Rolando, D. J. (2016). Introducing the Tunisia labor market panel survey 2014. IZA Journal of Labor & Development, 5(15), 1–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40175-016-0061-y
- Assaad, R., & Krafft, C. (2013). The Egypt labor market panel survey: Introducing the 2012 round. IZA Journal of Labor & Development, 2(8), 1–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-9020-2-8
- Assaad, R., & Krafft, C. (2016). Inequality of opportunity in human development. In I. Diwan & A. Galal (Eds.), The Middle East economies in times of transition (pp. 131–158). Palgrave Macmillan.
- Assaad, R., & Krafft, C. (2021). Excluded generation: The growing challenges of labor market insertion for Egyptian youth. Journal of Youth Studies, 24(2), 186–212. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2020.1714565
- Assaad, R., Krafft, C., Hassine, N. B., & Salehi-Isfahani, D. (2012). Inequality of opportunity in child health in the Arab world and Turkey. Middle East Development Journal, 4(2), 1250006-1–1250006-37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1142/S179381201250006X
- Assaad, R., Krafft, C., Roemer, J., & Salehi-Isfahani, D. (2016). Inequality of opportunity in income and consumption: The Middle East and North Africa region in comparative perspective. Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 1003. Economic Research Forum.
- Assaad, R., Krafft, C., Roemer, J., & Salehi-Isfahani, D. (2018). Inequality of opportunity in wages and consumption in Egypt. Review of Income and Wealth, 64(S1), S26–S54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12289
- Assaad, R., Krafft, C., & Salemi, C. (2019). Socioeconomic status and the changing nature of the school-to-work transition in Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia. Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 1287. Economic Research Forum.
- Atems, B., & Shand, G. (2018). An empirical analysis of the relationship between entrepreneurship and income inequality. Small Business Economics, 51(4), 905–922. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9984-1
- Barrett, C. B., Reardon, T., & Webb, P. (2001). Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: Concepts, dynamics, and policy implications. Food Policy, 26(4), 315–331. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9192(01)00014-8
- Beegle, K., Carletto, C., & Himelein, K. (2012). Reliability of recall in agricultural data. Journal of Development Economics, 98(1), 34–41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.09.005
- Belhaj Hassine, N. (2011). Inequality of opportunity in Egypt. The World Bank Economic Review, 26(2), 265–295. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhr046
- Belhaj Hassine, N. (2015). Economic inequality in the Arab region. World Development, 66, 532–556. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.09.011
- Bibi, S., & Nabli, M. K. (2009). Income inequality in the Arab region: Data and measurement, patterns and trends. Middle East Development Journal, 1(2), 275–314. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793812009000139
- Bigsten, A. (2018). Determinants of the evolution of inequality in Africa. Journal of African Economies, 27(1), 127–148. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejw028
- Bound, J., Brown, C., & Mathiowetz, N. (2001). Measurement error in survey data. Handbook of Econometrics, Volume 5, 3705–3843. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4412(01)05012-7
- Breisinger, C., ElDidi, H., El-Enbaby, H., Gilligan, D., Karachiwalla, N., Kassim, Y., Kurdi, S., Jilani, A., & Thai, G. (2018). Egypt’s Takaful and Karama cash transfer program: Evaluation of program impacts and recommendations. IFPRI.
- Devarajan, S., & Ianchovichina, E. (2018). A broken social contract, not high inequality, led to the Arab Spring. Review of Income and Wealth, 64(S1), S5–S25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12288
- Diwan, I. (2013). Understanding revolution in the Middle East: The central role of the middle class. Middle East Development Journal, 5(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793812013500041
- Duclos, J.-Y., & Araar, A. (2006). Poverty and equity: Measurement, policy and estimation with DAD. Springer International Development Research Centre.
- El Enbaby, H., & Galal, R. (2020). Inequality of opportunity in earnings and assets in Egypt. Applied Economics, 52(38), 4146–4161. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1731409
- Ellis, F. (1998). Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification. Journal of Development Studies, 35(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389808422553
- Ersado, L., & Gignoux, J. (2017). Egypt: Inequality of opportunity in education. Middle East Development Journal, 9(1), 22–54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17938120.2017.1294826
- Fisher, M., Reimer, J. J., & Carr, E. R. (2010). Who should be interviewed in surveys of household income? World Development, 38(7), 966–973. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.024
- García-Peñalosa, C., & Orgiazzi, E. (2013). Factor components of inequality: A cross-country study. Review of Income and Wealth, 59(4), 689–727. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12054
- Gottschalk, P., & Huynh, M. (2010). Are earnings inequality and mobility overstated? The impact of nonclassical measurement error. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(2), 302–315. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.2010.11232
- Hashemi, A., & Intini, V. (2015). Inequality of opportunity in education in the Arab region. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA).
- Helmy, I. (2020). Livelihood diversification strategies: Resisting vulnerability in Egypt. GLO discussion paper No. 441. Global Labor Organization (GLO).
- Hlasny, V. (2017). Evolution of opportunities for early childhood development in Arab countries. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, 10(4), 256–276. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHRH-11-2016-0022
- Hlasny, V., & AlAzzawi, S. (2019). Asset inequality in the MENA: The missing dimension? Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 73, 44–55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2018.07.010
- Hlasny, V., & Verme, P. (2018). Top incomes and the measurement of inequality in Egypt. World Bank Economic Review, 32(2), 428–455. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhw031
- Jenkins, S. P. (1995). Accounting for inequality trends: Decomposition analyses for the UK, 1971–86. Economia, 62(245), 29–63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/2554775
- Jenkins, S. P. (1999). INEQFAC: Stata Module to Calculate Inequality Decomposition by Factor Components. Statistical Software Components S366003, Boston College Department of Economics, revised 31 Mar 2009.
- Juster, F. T., Cao, H., Couper, M., Hill, D., Hurd, M., Lutpon, J., Perry, M., & Smith, J. (2007). Enhancing the quality of data on the measurement of income and wealth. Michigan Retirement Research Center No. 2007–151. Michigan Retirement Research Center.
- Korinek, A., Mistiaen, J. A., & Ravallion, M. (2006). Survey nonresponse and the distribution of income. Journal of Economic Inequality, 4(1), 33–55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-005-1089-4
- Krafft, C., & Alawode, H. (2018). Inequality of opportunity in higher education in the Middle East and North Africa. International Journal of Educational Development, 62, 234–244. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2018.05.005
- Krafft, C., & El-Kogali, S. (2014). Inequalities in early childhood development in the Middle East and North Africa. Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 856. Economic Research Forum.
- Krishnan, N., Ibarra, G. L., Narayan, A., Tiwari, S., & Vishwanath, T. (2016). Uneven odds, unequal outcomes: Inequality of opportunity in the Middle East and North Africa. World Bank.
- Milanovic, B. (2016). Global inequality: A new approach for the age of globalization. Harvard University Press.
- Moore, J. C., Stinson, L. L., & Welniak, E. J. J. (2000). Income measurement error in surveys: A review. Journal of Official Statistics, 16(4), 331–361.
- OAMDI. (2013). Labor market panel surveys (LMPS), Version 2.1 of licensed data files; ELMPS 2012. Economic Research Forum (ERF).
- OAMDI. (2016). Labor market panel surveys (LMPS). Version 2.0 of licensed data files; TLMPS 2014. Economic Research Forum (ERF).
- Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Harvard University Press.
- Rani, U., & Furrer, M. (2016). Decomposing income inequality into factor income components: Evidence from selected G20 countries. ILO Research Paper No. 15.
- Ravallion, M. (2003). Measuring aggregate welfare in developing countries: How well do national accounts and surveys agree? Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(3), 645–652. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303322369786
- Ravallion, M. (2014). Income inequality in the developing world. Science, 344(6186), 851–855. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251875
- Roemer, J. E. (1998). Equality of opportunity. Harvard University Press.
- Sen, A. (2013). Equality of what? In H. E. Baber, & D. Dimon (Eds.), Globalization and international development: The ethical issues (pp. 61–76). Broadview Press.
- Shimeles, A., & Nabassaga, T. (2018). Why Is inequality high in Africa? Journal of African Economies, 27(1), 108–126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejx035
- Shorrocks, A. F. (1982). Inequality decomposition by factor components. Econometrica, 50(1), 193–211. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1912537
- Silber, J. (Ed.). (1999). Handbook on income inequality measurement. Springer Science & Business Media.
- Smeeding, T. M., & Weinberg, D. H. (2001). Toward a uniform definition of household income. Review of Income and Wealth, 47(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4991.00001
- Suárez Álvarez, A., & López Menéndez, A. J. (2018). Inequality of opportunity in developing countries: Does the income aggregate matter? LIS Working Paper Series No. 739.
- van der Weide, R., Lakner, C., & Ianchovichina, E. (2018). Is inequality underestimated in Egypt? Evidence from house prices. Review of Income and Wealth, 64(s1), S55–S79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12338
- Verme, P., Milanovic, B., Al-Shawarby, S., El Tawila, S., Gadallah, M., & El-Majeed, E. A. A. (2014). Inside inequality in the Arab Republic of Egypt: Facts and perceptions across people, time, and space. World Bank Studies. World Bank.
- Wittenberg, M., & Leibbrandt, M. (2017). Measuring inequality by asset indices: A general approach with application to South Africa. Review of Income and Wealth, 63(4), 706–730. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12286
- World Bank. (2005). World development report 2006: Equity and development.
- World Bank. (2015). Inequality, uprisings, and conflict in the Arab world. MENA economic monitor.