Orchestral Conductors as Transformational Leaders: Preferences of Professional Instrumentalists in South Africa

References

• Abdullah, Q., and K. Varatharatjoo. 2017. “Transformational Leadership and its Functionality in Arts Organization.” International Journal of Business and Society 18, no. 4: 710–17.
   Google Scholar
• Abfalter, D. 2013. “Authenticity and Respect: Leading Creative Teams in the Performing Arts.” Creativity and Innovation Management 22, no. 3:295–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adenot, P. 2015. “The Orchestra Conductor. From the Authority Figure to Negotiated Order in a Vocational Profession.” Transposition, Musique Et Sciences Sociales 5. https://doi.org/10.4000/transposition.1296
   Google Scholar
• Amankwaa, A., M. Gyensare, and P. Susomirth. 2019. “Transformational Leadership with Innovative Behaviour: Examining Multiple Mediating Paths with PLS–SEM.” Leadership and Organization Development Journal 40, no. 4: 402–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2018-0358
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, M. 2017. “Transformational Leadership in Education: A Review of Existing Literature.” International Social Science Review 93, no. 1: 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Anwar, S., I. Qambrani, N. A. Shah, and S. Mukarram. 2023. “Transformational Leadership and Employees’ Performance: The Mediating Role of Employees’ Commitment in Private Banking Sectors in Pakistan.” Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal 7, no. 1: 120–36. https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/7.1.7
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong, S., and S. Armstrong. 1996. “The Conductor as Transformational Leader: When the Model of the Transformational Leader is Applied to the Conductor, it Offers Music Educators Insight into Effective Leadership.” Music Educators Journal 82, no. 6: 22–25. https://doi.org/10.2307/3398947
   Google Scholar
• Atik, Y. 1994. “The Conductor and the Orchestra: Interactive Aspects of the Leadership Process.” Leadership and Organizational Development Journal 15, no. 1: 22–31. doi: 10.1108/01437739410050123
   Google Scholar
• Avery, G. 2004. Understanding Leadership Paradigms and Cases. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Avolio, B., and B. Bass. 2004. Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire: Manual and Sample Set. Mind Garden.
   Google Scholar
• Balyer, A. 2012. “Transformational Leadership Behaviours of School Principals: A Qualitative Research based on Teachers’ Perceptions.” International Online Journal of Educational Sciences 4, no. 3: 581–91.
   Google Scholar
• Bass, B. 1999. “Two Decades of Research and Development in Transformational Leadership.” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 8, no. 1: 9–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/135943299398410
   Google Scholar
• Bass, B., and B. Avolio. 1997. Full Range Leadership Development: Manual For the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Mind Garden.
   Google Scholar
• Bass, B., and R. Stogdill. 1990. Bass and Stogdill’s Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research and Managerial Applications. 3rd ed. Los Angeles, CA: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bathurst, R., and T. Cain. 2013. “Embodied Leadership: The Aesthetics of Gesture.” Leadership 9, no. 3: 358–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715013485851
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boerner, S., and D. Gebert. 2012. “Fostering Artistic Ensemble Performance: Exploring the Role of Transformational Leadership.” Non–Profit Management and Leadership 3: 347–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.20058
   Google Scholar
• Boerner, S., D. Krause, and D. Gebert. 2004. “Leadership and Co-operation.” Human Resource Development International 7, no. 4: 465–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/1367886042000246030
   Google Scholar
• Boerner, S., and C. von Streit. 2005. “Transformational Leadership and Group Climate: Empirical Results from Symphony Orchestras.” Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies 12, no. 3: 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190501200203
   Google Scholar
• Boerner, S., and C. von Streit. 2007. “Promoting Orchestral Performance: The Interplay Between Musicians’ Mood and a Conductor’s Leadership Style.” Psychology of Music 13, no. 1: 135–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735607068891
   Google Scholar
• Bolden, R. 2004. What Is Leadership? University of Exeter, Centre For Leadership Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Burdukova, P. 2010. “An Analysis of the Status of Orchestras in South Africa.” MA diss., University of Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Busari, A., S. Khan, S. Abdullah, and Y. Mughal. 2019. “Transformational Leadership Style, Followership, and Factors of Employees’ Reactions towards Organizational Change.” Journal of Asia Business Studies 14, no. 2: 181–209. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-03-2018-0083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnicer, J. G., D. C. Garrido, and S. O. Requena. 2015. “Music and Leadership: The Role of the Conductor.” International Journal of Music and Performing Arts 3, no. 1: 84–88. https://doi.org/10.15640/ijmpa.v3n1a8
   Google Scholar
• Caust, J. 2010. “Does the Art End when the Management Begins? The Challenges of Making ‘Art’ For Both Artists and Arts Managers.” Asia Pacific Journal of Arts and Cultural Management 7, no, 2: 570–84.
   Google Scholar
• Chai, D., S. Hwang, and B. Joo. 2017. “Transformational Leadership and Organisational Commitment in Teams: The Mediating Roles of Shared Vision and Team–Goal Commitment.” Performance Improvement Quarterly 30, no. 2: 137–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/piq.21244
   Google Scholar
• Chipunza, C., and S. Gwarinda. 2010. “Transformational Leadership in Merging Higher Education Institutions: A Case Study.” SA Journal of Human Resource Management 8, no. 1: a195. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v8i1.195
   Google Scholar
• Cook, P., and J. Howit. 2012. “The Music of Leadership.” Industrial and Commercial Training 44, no. 7: 398–401. https://doi.org/10.1108/00197851211267974
   Google Scholar
• Cray, D., I. Loretta, and S. Freeman. 2007. “Managing the Arts: Leadership and Decision Making under Dual Rationalities.” The Journal of Arts Management, Law and Society 36, no. 4: 295–313. https://doi.org/10.3200/JAML.36.4.295-314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell, J., and J. Creswell. 2018. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Den Hartog, D., J. van Muijen, and P. Koopman. 1997. “Transactional Versus Transformational Leadership: An Analysis of the MLQ.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 70: 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00628.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz–Saens, H. 2011. “Transformational Leadership.” In The SAGE Handbook of Leadership, edited by A. Bryman, D. Collinson, K. Grint, B. Jackson, and M. Uhl–Bien, 299–310. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Dickson, C., C. McVittie, and M. Smith, 2020. “Being Conductor of the Orchestra: An Exploration of District Nursing Leadership.” British Journal of Community Nursing 25, no. 5: 214–21. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2020.25.5.214
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorfman, P., J. Howel, S. Hibino, J. Lee, U. Tate, and A. Bautista. 1997. “Leadership in Western and Asian Countries: Commonalities and Differences in Effective Leadership Processes Across Cultures.” Leadership Quarterly 8, no. 3: 233–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(97)90003-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichengreen, B. 1987. “Conducting the International Orchestra: Bank of England Leadership under the Classical Gold Standard.” Journal of International Money and Finance 6, no. 1: 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5606(87)90010-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engels, M. K. 2018. “The Relationship of the Transformational Leadership Process and Group Mood Among Musicians and their Effects On Artistic Quality within the American Orchestral Organization.” PhD diss., University of Tennessee.
   Google Scholar
• Fullan, M. 2001. Leading in a Culture of Change. New York: Jossey–Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Fuqua, H. E., Jr., K. E. Payne, and J. P. Cangemi. 2000. “Leadership and the Effective Use of Power.” National Forum of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal 17: 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Garg, A., and D. Ramjee. 2013. “The Relationship between Leadership Styles and Employee Commitment at a Parastatal Company in South Africa.” International Business and Economics Research Journal 12, no. 11: 1411–36. https://doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i11.8180
   Google Scholar
• Geijsel, F., P. Sleegers, and R. van den Berg. 1999. “Transformational Leadership and the Implementation of Large-Scale Innovation Programs.” Journal of Educational Administration 37, no. 4: 309–28. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578239910285561
   Google Scholar
• Hamzah, M. I. M., N. Nordin, and S. Rahman. 2011. “School as Learning Organisation: The Role of Principal’s Transformational Leadership in Promoting Teacher Engagement.” World Applied Sciences Journal 14: 58–63.
   Google Scholar
• Herbst, T., and P. Conradie. 2011. “Leadership Effectiveness in Higher Education: Managerial Self-Perceptions Versus Perceptions of Others.” Journal of Industrial Psychology 37, no. 1: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v37i1.867
   Google Scholar
• Hogan, R., and R. Kaiser. 2005. “What We Know about Leadership.” Review of General Psychology 92: 169–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.169
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, J., G. Stelluto, and R. Hooijberg. 2004. “Toward New-Wave Organization Creativity: Beyond Romance and Analogy in the Relationship Between Orchestra–Conductor Leadership and Musician Creativity.” The Leadership Quarterly 15, no. 1: 145–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen, C. B., and C. D. Staniok. 2020. “Sharing the Fire? The Moderating Role of Transformational Leadership Congruence on the Relationship Between Managers’ and Employees’ Organizational Commitment.” International Public Management Journal 23, no. 4: 564–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2018.1486930
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kammerhoff, J., O. Lauenstein, and A. Schütz. 2019. “Tuning into Performance and Satisfaction in Non-Profit Orchestras: One Link between Transformational Leadership and Satisfaction is through Reduction in Conflict.” Nonprofit Management and Leadership 30, no. 2: 321–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21381
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keevy, Z., and J. Prumal. 2014. “Promoting Transformational Leadership Practices of Retail Managers.” Journal of Management and Development 33, no. 10: 919–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-05-2012-0057
   Google Scholar
• Khan, Z., A. Nawaz, and I. Khan. 2016. “Leadership Theories and Styles: A Literature Review.” Journal of Resources Development and Management 16: 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Khodaykov, D. 2014. “Getting in Tune: A Qualitative Analysis of Guest Conductor–Musicians Relationships in Symphony Orchestras.” Poetics 44: 64–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2014.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick, S. A., and E. A. Locke. 1991. “Leadership: Do Traits Matter?” Academy of Management Perspectives 52: 48–60. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1991.4274679
   Google Scholar
• Koppang, A. 1996. “Transformational and Transactional Leadership Behaviours of Administrators of Performing and Visual Art Schools.” PhD diss., University of North Dakota.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, R. 2014. Research Methodology: A Step By Step Guide For Beginners. 4th ed. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y., and E. Guba. 1985. Naturalistic Enquiry. London: SAGE. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8
   Google Scholar
• Lind, J. 2016. “Musicians’ Expectations of Conductors’ Good Leadership in Finnish Professional Orchestras.” MA diss., Lappeenranta University of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Loon, M., Y. Mee Lim, T. Heang Lee, and C. Lian Tam. 2012. “Transformational Leadership and Job-Related Learning.” Management Research Review 35, no. 3: 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211210118
   Google Scholar
• Mathew, V. 2010. “Service Delivery through Knowledge Management in Higher Education.” Journal of Knowledge Management Practice 11, no. 3: 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Matzler, K., E. Schwarz, N. Deutinger, and R. Harms. 2008. “The Relationship between Transformational Leadership, Product Innovation and Performance in SMEs.” Journal of Small Business and Leadership 21, no. 2: 139–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2008.10593418
   Google Scholar
• Mokgolo, M., M. Modiba, and P. Mokgolo. 2012. “Transformational Leadership in the South African Public Service after the April 2009 National Elections.” SA Journal of Human Resource Management 10, no. 1: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v10i1.334
   Google Scholar
• Orsini, C., and V. Rodrigues. 2020. “Supporting Motivation in Teams Working Remotely: The Role of Basic Psychological Needs.” Medical Teacher 42, no. 7: 828–29. doi: 10.1080/0142159X.2020.1758305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owusu-Agyeman, Y. 2021. “Transformational Leadership and Innovation in Higher Education: A Participative Process Approach.” International Journal of Leadership in Education 24, no. 5: 694–716. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2019.1623919
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quin, J., A. Deris, G. Bischoff, and J. T. Johnson. 2015. “Comparison of Transformational Leadership Practices: Implications for School Districts and Principal Preparation Programs.” Journal of Leadership Education 14, no. 3: 71–85. https://doi.org/10.12806/V14/I3/R5
   Google Scholar
• Ristow, A., T. Amos, and G. Staude. 1999. “Transformational Leadership and Organisational Effectiveness in the Administration of Cricket in South Africa.” South African Journal of Business Management 30, no. 1: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v30i1.749
   Google Scholar
• Rowald, J. 2005. Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties of the German Translation. Mind Garden.
   Google Scholar
• Rowe, W. G., and L. Guerrero. 2011. Cases in Leadership. 2nd ed. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Samad, S. 2012. “The Influence of Innovation and Transformational Leadership on Organizational Performance.” Procedia – Social and Behavioural Sciences 57, no. 9: 486–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1215
   Google Scholar
• Schmid, E. A., A. Pircher Verdorfer, and C. Peus. 2019. “Shedding Light on Leaders’ Self–Interest: Theory and Measurement of Exploitative Leadership.” Journal of Management 45, no. 4: 1401–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317707810
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuller, G. 1997. The Complete Conductor. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195063776.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Strukan, E., M. Nikolić, and S. Sefić. 2017. “Impact of Transformational Leadership on Business Performance.” Tehnički Vjesnik 24, no. 2: 435–44. https://doi.org/10.17559/TV-20150624082830
   Google Scholar
• Tebyani, M. 2023. Conducting Change: The Effect of a Music Director’s Leadership Factors On Players’ Performance within the Symphony Orchestra. Malibu, CA: Pepperdine University.
   Google Scholar
• Tyssen, A., A. Wald, and P. Spieth. 2013. “Leadership in Temporary Organisations: A Review of Leadership Theories and a Research Agenda.” Project Management Journal 44, no. 6: 52–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21380
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich, J. 2009. “Preparing the Conductor as Teacher.” Music Educators Journal 95, no. 3: 48–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0027432108330798
   Google Scholar
• Van der Merwe, S. J. 2021. “The Transformational Leadership Behaviours of Orchestral Conductors: Preferences of Professional South African Instrumentalists.” MMus mini-dissertation, University of Pretoria. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/82861
   Google Scholar
• Van Jaarsveld, L., P. Ments, and S. Ellis. 2019. “Implementing the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) in a Challenging Context: Results from a Large-Scale Quantitative Study.” International Journal of Educational Management 33, no. 4: 604–13. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-02-2018-0041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, D., and C. Hsieh. 2013. “The Effect of Authentic Leadership on Employee Trust and Employee Engagement.” Social Behaviour and Personality: An International Journal 41, no. 4: 613–24. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2013.41.4.613
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, C. N. 2012. “Gesture as Communication: The Art of Carlos Kleiber.” PhD diss., University of Sydney.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, O. 2014. “Transformational Leadership in a High School Choral Program.” PhD diss., Boston University.
   Google Scholar
• Wis, R. M. 2002. “The Conductor as Servant–Leader.” Music Educators Journal 89, no. 2: 17–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/3399837
   Google Scholar
• Wis, R. M. 2007. The Conductor as Leader: Principles of Leadership Applied to Life On the Podium. Chicago, IL: Gia Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, R. D. 2010. “Correlation of Conductor Leadership Style, Musician Employment Status, Organizational Participant to Orchestra Musicians Job Satisfaction.” PhD diss., University of Phoenix.
   Google Scholar
• Zel, U., and M. Onay. 2012. “Conductors as a Metaphor of ‘Leadership.’” International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences 2, no. 3: 130–50.
   Google Scholar
• Zuraik, A., and L. Kelly. 2019. “The Role of CEO Transformational Leadership and Innovation Climate in Exploration and Exploitation.” European Journal of Innovation Management 22, no. 1: 84–104. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-10-2017-0142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar