How to manage cows yielding 20,000 kg of milk: technical challenges and environmental implications

References

• AIA 2020. (Italian Association of Animal Breeders). Bollettino ufficiale dei controlli; [accessed 2020 March 19]. http://bollettino.aia.it/
   Google Scholar
• Atzori AS, Tedeschi LO, Cannas A. 2013. A multivariate and stochastic approach to identify key variables to rank dairy farms on profitability. J Dairy Sci. 96(5):3378–3387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balmford A, Amano T, Bartlett H, Chadwick D, Collins A, Edwards D, Field R, Garnsworthy P, Green R, Smith P, et al. 2018. The environmental costs and benefits of high-yield farming. Nat Sustain. 1(9):477–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertilsson J, Berglund B, Ratnayake G, Svennersten-Sjaunja K, Wiktorsson H. 1997. Optimising lactation cycles for the high-yielding dairy cow. A European perspective. Livest Prod Sci. 50(1-2):5–13.
   Google Scholar
• Bertoni G, Trevisi E, Han X, Bionaz M. 2008. Effects of inflammatory conditions on liver activity in puerperium period and consequences for performance in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 91(9):3300–3310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bewley J, Palmer RW, Jackson-Smith DB. 2001. An overview of experiences of Wisconsin dairy farmers who modernized their operations. J Dairy Sci. 84(3):717–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohmanova J, Jamrozik J, Miglior F. 2009. Effect of pregnancy on production traits of Canadian Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 92(6):2947–2959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouton J. 2007. The economic benefits of forage improvement in the United States. Euphytica. 154(3):263–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britt JH, Cushman RA, Dechow CD, Dobson H, Humblot P, Hutjens MF, Jones GA, Ruegg PS, Sheldon IM, Stevenson JS. 2018. Invited review: Learning from the future-A vision for dairy farms and cows in 2067. J Dairy Sci. 101(5):3722–3741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brummer EC, Bouton JH, Casler MD, McCaslin MH, Waldron BL. 2009. Grasses and legumes: Genetics and plant breeding. In: W. F. Wedin and S. L. Fales, editors. Grasslands, Quietness and Strength for a New American Agriculture. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America. p. 157–172.
   Google Scholar
• Cannas A, Atzori AS, Zanirato G. 2013. Indagine sulle emissioni di gas serra su stalle bovine da latte della filiera AQ (Alta Qualità). Progetto finalizzato con il contributo del Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali nell’ambito dell’attivazione dei Contratti di Filiera D.M. 1 agosto 2013 - P.I: Cannas A. ISBN 978-88-909563-4-8, Litografia SAB - Budrio (BO). In italian.
   Google Scholar
• Capper JL, Cady RA. 2020. The effects of improved performance in the U.S. dairy cattle industry on environmental impacts between 2007 and 2017. J Anim Sci. 98(1): skz291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardoso FC, Kalscheur KF, Drackley JK. 2020. Symposium review: Nutrition strategies for improved health, production, and fertility during the transition period. J Dairy Sci. 103(6):5684–5693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLAL 2018. World: export annuale in Equivalente Latte; [accessed 2020 February 16]. http://bollettino.aia.it/https://www.clal.it/?section=dairyPROD_DWT_me#
   Google Scholar
• Compton CWR, Heuer C, Thomsen PT, Carpenter TE, Phyn CVC, McDougall S. 2017. Invited review: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of mortality and culling in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 100(1):1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correddu F, Lunesu MF, Buffa G, Atzori AS, Nudda A, Battacone G, Pulina G. 2020. Can agro-industrial by-products rich in polyphenols be advantageously used in the feeding and nutrition of dairy small ruminants?. Animals. 10(1):131–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crovetto GM, Colombini S. 2010. Allevamento ed escrezione azotata dei bovini da latte. [Management and nitrogen excretion in dairy cattle]: In: Crovetto GM e Sandrucci A, editors, Allevamento animale e riflessi ambientali [livestock farming and envrionmental implications]. Brescia: Fondazione iniziative zooprofilattiche e zootecniche di Brescia. p. 27–54.
   Google Scholar
• Drackley JK, Dann HM, Douglas N, Guretzky NAJ, Litherland NB, Underwood JP, Loor JJ. 2005. Physiological and pathological adaptations in dairy cows that may increase susceptibility to periparturient diseases and disorders. Ital. J Anim Sci. 4(4):323–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durst PT, Moore SJ, Ritter C, Barkema HW. 2018. Evaluation by employees of employee management on large US dairy farms. J Dairy Sci. 101(8):7450–7462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eurostat. 2020,. Statistics Explained. Milk and milk products statistics. [accessed 2020 February 18]. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Milk_and_milk_product_statistic
   Google Scholar
• FAO. 2018. The future of food and agriculture – Alternative pathways to 2050. Rome. p. 224 Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
   Google Scholar
• FAOSTAT. 2020. Statistical Division; [accessed 2020 March 18]. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data.
   Google Scholar
• Fustini M, Palmonari A, Canestrari G, Bonfante E, Mammi L, Pacchioli MT, Sniffen GCJ, Grant RJ, Cotanch KW, Formigoni A. 2017. Effect of undigested neutral detergent fiber content of alfalfa hay on lactating dairy cows: Feeding behavior, fiber digestibility, and lactation performance. J Dairy Sci. 100(6):4475–4483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo A, Giuberti G, Atzori A S, Masoero F. 2018. Short communication: In vitro rumen gas production and starch degradation of starch-based feeds depend on mean particle size. J Dairy Sci. 101(7):6142–6149. doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13944. 29705420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo A, Giuberti G, Masoero F, Palmonari A, Fiorentini L, Moschini M. 2014. Response on yield and nutritive value of two commercial maize hybrids as a consequence of a water irrigation reduction. Ital J Anim. Sci. 13(3):3341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Ruiz A, Wiggans GR, Ruiz-López FJ. 2019. Pedigree verification and parentage assignment using genomic information in the Mexican Holstein population. J Dairy Sci. 102 (2):1806–1810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haisan J, Oba M. 2020. The effects of feeding a high-fiber or high-starch pellet at two daily allocations on feed intake patterns, rumen fermentation, and milk production of mid-lactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 103 (7):6135–6144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill TM, Bateman HG, II Quigley GD, III Aldrich JM, Schlotterbeck RL, Heinrichs AG. 2013. Review: New information on the protein requirements and diet formulation for dairy calves and heifers since the Dairy NRC 2001. Prof Anim Sci. 29(3):199–207.
   Google Scholar
• Huhtanen P, Hristov AN. 2009. A meta-analysis of the effects of dietary protein concentration and degradability on milk protein yield and milk N efficiency in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 92(7):3222–3232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inchaisri C, Jorritsma R, Vos P, Van der Weijden G, Hogeveen H. 2011. Analysis of the economically optimal voluntary waiting period for first insemination. J Dairy Sci. 94(8):3811–3823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Invernizzi G, Koutsouli P, Savoini G, Mariani E, Rebucci R, Baldi A, Politis I. 2019. Oxidative indices as metabolic stress predictors in periparturient dairy cows. Ital J Anim. Sci. 18(1):1356–1360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISTAT 2020. Coeweb. Statistiche del commercio estero. Serie storiche. [tradurre in inglese]; [accessed 2020 February 14]. https://www.coeweb.istat.it/.
   Google Scholar
• Jørgensen CH, Spörndly R, Bertilsson J, Østergaard S. 2016. Invited review: Carryover effects of early lactation feeding on total lactation performance in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 99(5):3241–3249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung HG, Mertens DR, Phillips RL. 2011. Effect of reduced ferulate-mediated lignin/arabinoxylan cross-linking in corn silage on feed intake, digestibility, and milk production. J Dairy Sci. 94(10):5124–5137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaniyamattam K, De Vries A, Tauer LW, Gröhn YT. 2020. Economics of reducing antibiotic usage for clinical mastitis and metritis through genomic selection. J Dairy Sci. 103(1):473–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronfeld D S. 1976. Bovine ketosis in high yielding dairy cows. The potential importance of the proportions of glucogenic, lipogenic and aminogenic nutrients in regard to the health and productivity of dairy cows. Fortschr Tierphysiol Tierernahr. (7):3–26. 786823
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leso L, Barbari M, Lopes MA, Damasceno FA, Galama P, Taraba JL, Kuipers A. 2020. Invited review: Compost-bedded pack barns for dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 103(2):1072–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macciotta NPP, Biffani S, Bernabucci U, Lacetera N, Vitali A, Ajmone-Marsan P, Nardone A. 2017. Derivation and genome-wide association study of a principal component-based measure of heat tolerance in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 100(6):4683–4697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makanjuola B, Miglior F, Abdalla E, Maltecca C, Schenkel F, Baes C. 2020. Effect of genomic selection on rate of inbreeding and coancestry and effective population size of Holstein and Jersey cattle populations. J Dairy Sci. 103(6):5183–5199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manca E, Cesarani A, Macciotta NPP, Atzori AS, Pulina G, Dimauro C. 2020. Use of discriminant statistical procedures for an early detection of persistent lactations in dairy cows. Comput Electron Agr. 176:105657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin NP, Russelle MP, Powell JM, Sniffen CJ, Smith SI, Tricarico JM, Grant RJ. 2017. Invited review: Sustainable forage and grain crop production for the US dairy industry. J Dairy Sci. 100(12):9479–9494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezzetti M, Minuti A, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Trevisi E. 2020. Inflammatory status and metabolic changes at dry-off in high-yield dairy cows. Ital J Anim Sci. 19(1):51–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore JE, Undersander DJ. 2002. Relative Forage Quality: An alternative to relative feed value and quality index. In: Proc. Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium, January 10-11, University of Florida: Gainesville. p. 16–31.
   Google Scholar
• Mordenti A L, Brogna N, Formigoni A. 2017. R eview : The link between feeding dairy cows and Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese production area. The Professional Animal Scientist. 33(5):520–529. doi:10.15232/pas.2016-01602.
   Google Scholar
• Mossa F, Latham KE, Ireland JJ, Veiga Lopez A. 2019. Undernutrition and hyperandrogenism during pregnancy: Role in programming of cardiovascular disease and infertility. Mol Reprod Dev. 86(9):1255–1264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen TTT, Bowman PJ, Haile-Mariam M, Pryce JE, Hayes BJ. 2016. Genomic selection for tolerance to heat stress in Australian dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 99(4):2849–2862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NRC. 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th Revised Edition, Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington. D.C.
   Google Scholar
• O’Neill BC, Kriegler E, Ebi KL, Kemp-Benedict E, Riahi K, Rothman DS, van Ruijven BJ, van Vuuren DP, Birkmann J, Kok K, et al. 2017. The roads ahead: Narratives for shared socioeconomic pathways describing world futures in the 21st century. Glob Environ Change. 42(C):169–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oba M, Allen MS. 1999. Effects of brown midrib 3 mutation in corn silage on dry matter intake and productivity of high yielding dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 82(1):135–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. 2020. Italy’s historical population data and population projections; [accessed 2020 February 16]. https://stats.oecd.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver AL, Grant RJ, Pedersen JF, O'Rear J. 2004. Comparison of brown midrib 6 and 18 forage sorghum with conventional sorghum and corn silage in diets of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 87(3):637–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overton TR, McArt JAA, Nydam DV. 2017. A 100-year review: Metabolic health indicators and management of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 100(12):10398–10417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmonari A, Fustini M, Canestrari G, Grilli E, Formigoni A. 2014. Influence of maturity on alfalfa hay nutritional fractions and indigestible fiber content. J Dairy Sci. 97(12):7729–7734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmquist D, Jenkins T. 2017. A 100-Year Review: Fat feeding of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 100(12):10061–10077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirondini M, Colombini S, Mele M, Malagutti L, Rapetti L, Galassi G, Crovetto GM. 2015. Effect of dietary starch concentration and fish oil supplementation on milk yield and composition, diet digestibility, and methane emissions in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 98(1):357–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollott GE. 2011. Short communication: Do Holstein lactations of varied lengths have different characteristics? J Dairy Sci. 94(12):6173–6180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretto D, López-Villalobos N, Penasa M, Cassandro M. 2012. Genetic response for milk production traits, somatic cell score, acidity and coagulation properties in Italian Holstein–Friesian population under current and alternative selection indices and breeding objectives. Livest Sci. 150 (1-3):59–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulina G, Francesconi A, Stefanon B, Sevi A, Calamari L, Lacetera N, Dell’Orto V, Pilla F, Ajmone-Marsan P, Mele M, et al. 2017. Sustainable ruminant production to help feed the planet. Ital J Anim Sci. 16:1–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson D. 2015. The long-term outlook and risks in advanced countries. Glob J Emerg Mark. 7(2):150–178.
   Google Scholar
• Schwab CG, Broderick GA. 2017. A 100-Year Review: Protein and amino acid nutrition in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 100(12):10094–10112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segnalini M, Nardone A, Bernabucci U, Vitali A, Ronchi B, Lacetera N. 2011. Dynamics of the temperature-humidity index in the Mediterranean basin. Int J Biometeorol. 55(2):253–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serra MG. 2014. Carbon footprint in dairy cattle farms of Southern Italy [dissertation]. Sassari (SS). Advisor: Atzori AS. XXVI cycle of the PhD School of the University of Sassari.
   Google Scholar
• Serra MG, Atzori AS, Cannas A. 2013. Carbon footprint of dairy cattle farms in Southern Italy. Ital J Anim Sci. 12(suppl. 1):62.
   Google Scholar
• Sordillo LM. 2016. Nutritional strategies to optimize dairy cattle immunity. J Dairy Sci. 99(6):4967–4982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinka M. 2006. How important is natural behavior in animal farming systems? 2006. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 100:117–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steri R, Cappio-Borlino A, Macciotta NPP. 2009. Modelling extended lactation curves for milk production traits in Italian Holsteins. Ital J Anim Sci. 8(Supp 2):165–167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Succu S, Sale S, Ghirello G, Ireland JJ, Evans ACO, Atzori AS, Mossa F. 2020. Exposure of dairy cows to high environmental temperatures and their lactation status impairs establishment of the ovarian reserve in their offspring. J. Dairy Sci. in press
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabacco E, Comino L, Borreani G. 2018. Production efficiency, costs and environmental impacts of conventional and dynamic forage systems for dairy farms in Italy. Eur J Agron. 99:1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao S, Dahl GE. 2013. Invited review: Heat stress effects during late gestation on dry cows and their calves. J Dairy Sci. 96(7):4079–4093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi, L. O., and D. G. Fox. 2018. The Ruminant Nutrition System: An Applied Model for Predicting Nutrient Requirements and Feed Utilization in Ruminants. (2nd ed.). XanEdu, Acton, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Tedeschi LO, de Almeida AK, Atzori AS, Muir JP, Fonseca MA, Cannas A. 2017. A glimpse of the future in animal nutrition science. 1. Past and future challenges. R Bras Zootec. 46 (5):438–451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilman D, Balzer C, Hill J, Befort B L. 2011. Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108(50):20260–20264. doi:10.1073/pnas.1116437108. 22106295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevisi E, Jahan N, Bertoni G, Ferrari A, Minuti A. 2015. Pro-inflammatory cytokine profile in dairy cows: consequences for new lactation. Ital J Anim Sci. 14:285–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanRaden PM. 2020. Symposium review: How to implement genomic selection. J Dairy Sci. 103(6):5291–5301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasta V, Daghio M, Cappucci A, Buccioni A, Serra A, Viti C, Mele M. 2019. Invited review: Plant polyphenols and rumen microbiota responsible for fatty acid biohydrogenation, fiber digestion, and methane emission: Experimental evidence and methodological approaches. J Dairy Sci. 102(5):3781–3804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitali A, Segnalini M, Esposito S, Lacetera N, Nardone A, Bernabucci U. 2019. The changes of climate may threat the production of Grana Padano cheese: past, recent and future scenarios. Ital J Anim Sci. 18(1):922–933.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang B, Mao SY, Yang HJ, Wu YM, Wang JK, Li SL, Shen ZM, Liu JX. 2014. Effects of alfalfa and cereal straw as a forage source on nutrient digestibility and lactation performance in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 97(12):7706–7715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss WP. 2017. A 100-year review: from ascorbic acid to zinc-mineral and vitamin nutrition of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 100(12):10045–10060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller JI, Ezra E, Ron M. 2017. Invited review: A perspective on the future of genomic selection in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 100(11):8633–8644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodford S. 2018. How they achieve 40,000 lbs of milk per cow. Hoards Dairyman webinars. Jan 8 2018. Available at https://hoards.com/article-22405-how-they-achieve-40000-lbs-of-milk-per-cow.html.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang B, Wang C, He L, Jianxin L, Hongyun L. 2016. Effects of dietary protein level on growth performance and nitrogen excretion of dairy heifers. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 30(3):386–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar