References
- Abrahams, R. G. (1998). Vigilant citizens: Vigilantism and the state. Oxford: Polity Press.
- Agbiboa, D. E. (2018). Eyes on the street: Civilian joint task force and the surveillance of Boko Haram in northeastern Nigeria. Intelligence and National Security, 33, 1022–1039.
- Ajomo, M.A. & Okagbue, I.E. (1991). Human rights and criminal justice administration in Nigeria. Lagos: Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, p. 122.
- Akinlabi, O. M. (2020). Citizens’ accounts of police use of force and its implication for trust in the police. Journal of Crime and Justice, 43, 145–160.
- Akintayo, J. (2019). Community policing approach: Joint task force and community relations in the context of countering violent extremism in Nigeria. On Terrorism, p.137.
- Alemika, E. E. (1988). Policing and perceptions of police in Nigeria. Police Stud.: Int'l Rev. Police Dev, 11, 161–176.
- Alemika, E. E., & Chukwuma, I. (2000). Police-community violence in Nigeria. Lagos: Centre for Law Enforcement Education (CLEEN)/National Human Rights Commission (NHRC).
- Amnesty International. (2015). Stars on their shoulders, blood on their hands: War crimes committed by the Nigerian military. Retrieved August 23, 2020, from https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/AFR4416572015ENGLISH.PDF
- Audu, A.M. (2016). Community policing: Exploring the police/community relationship for crime control in Nigeria. Thesis (PhD). University of Liverpool.
- Ayodele, J. O., & Aderinto, A. A. (2014). Public confidence in the police and crime reporting practices of victims in lagos. Nigeria: A Mixed Methods Study. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 9, 46–63.
- Ayuk, A., Omang, T. A., & Igwe-Okomiso, J. B. (2020). Nigeria police and hundred-naira syndrome: Corruption discourse. Journal of the Social Sciences, 48, 1017–1130.
- BBC. (2020). End Sars: How Nigeria's anti-police brutality protests went global. BBC News (October 16, 2020). Retrieved January 21, 2020, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-54575219
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. London: Sage.
- Bureau of Justice Assistance. (1994). Understanding community policing: A framework for action. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Assistance Response Centre.
- Crank, J. P. (2014). Understanding police culture. London: Routledge.
- Dambo, T. H., Ersoy, M., Auwal, A. M., Olorunsola, V. O., Olonode, A., Arikewuyo, A. O., & Joseph, A. (2020). Nigeria's# EndSARS movement and its implication on online protests in Africa's most populous country. Journal of Public Affairs, e2583.
- Fourchard, L. (2008). A new name for an old practice: Vigilantes in south-western Nigeria. Africa: The Journal of the International African Institute, 78(1), 535–558.
- Friedrich, R. J. (1980). Police use of force: Individuals, situations and organizations. The Annals, 1, 82–97.
- Higginson, A., Mazerolle, L., Sydes, M., Davis, J., & Mengersen, K. (2015). Policing interventions for targeting interpersonal violence in developing countries: A systematic review. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation.
- Home Office. (2018). Police powers and procedure, England and Wales, Year ending 31st March 2018.
- Human Right Watch. (2010). Everyone's in on the game: Corruption and human rights.
- Idowu, A. O. (2016). Security agents public perception in Nigeria: A study on the police and the vigilante (neighborhood watch). Journal of Political Studies, 23, 481–501.
- Ike, T. J. (2018). Reconceptualising the role of law in countering terrorism: A case study of Boko Haram in Nigeria. Journal of Law and Criminal Justice, 6, 107–112.
- International Policing Science Association (IPSA). (2016). World internal security and policing index (2016). Retrieved August 22, 2020, from http://www.ipsa-police.org/Images/uploaded/Pdf%20file/WISPI%20Report.pdf
- John, M. D. (2017). Public perception of police activities in Okada, Edo State Nigeria. Covenant Journal of Business and Social Science,s, 8, 29–42.
- Kirschner, A. (2011). Putting out the fire with gasoline? Violence control in fragile states: A study of vigilantism in Nigeria’. In W. Heitmeyer, H. Haupt, W. Malthaner, & A. Kirschner (Eds.), ‘Control of violence: Historical and international perspectives on violence in modern societies (pp. 563–592). New York: Springer.
- Kmet, L. M., Cook, L. S., & Lee, R. C. (2004). Standard quality assessment criteria for evaluating primary research papers from a variety of fields. HTA Initiative #, 13, 1–31.
- Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G., Prisma Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097.
- Nhan, J. (2014). Police culture. The Encyclopaedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice.
- NOI Polls. (2019). Public perceptions on police brutality. Retrieved August 27, 2020, from https://noi-polls.com/police-brutality-poll/
- Olusegun, A. J. (2014). Public perception of the police and crime prevention in Nigeria. International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory, 7, 1–12.
- Onwuama, O. P., Ajah, B. O., Asadu, N., Ebimgbo, S. O., Odili, A., & Okpara, K. C. (2019). Public perceptions of police performance in crimes control in Anambra state of Nigeria. African Journal of Law and Criminology, 9, 17–26.
- Onyeije, O. D., Anyaoha, O., & Osita-Njoku, A. (2019). Community policing and crime control in Isiala Mbano local government area of Imo state, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 24, 81–86.
- Paoline III, E. A. (2003). Taking stock: Toward a richer understanding of police culture. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31(3), 199–214.
- Paoline, E. A., & Terrill, W. (2005). The impact of police culture on traffic stop searches: An analysis of attitudes and behavior. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 28(3), 455–472.
- Policing and Legal Advocacy Report. (2020, Feb). Analysis of the 2020 appropriation for the Nigeria police force. Retrieved August 23, 2020, from https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Analysis-of-Police-Bill-Factsheet-1.pdf
- Ray, R. (2020). How can we enhance police accountability in the United States. The Vitals: Policy 2020 Brookings.
- Reiner, R. (2010). The politics of the police. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Shoyode, A. (2018). Public trust in Nigerian police: A test of police accessibility effects. Journal of Social Science Studies, 5, 1–16.
- Singh, D. (2014). Corruption and clientelism in the lower levels of the Afghan police. Conflict, Security & Development, 14, 621–650.
- Singh, D. (2019). Understanding corruption in the lower levels of the Afghan police force. The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles, 586–602.
- Tamuno, T. N. (1970). Police in modern Nigeria. Ibadan: University of Ibadan Press. chapter 9.
- Togba, E. D. (2017). Why community policing in Liberia was less effective. Munich: GRIN Verlag.
- Torraco, R. J. (2005). Writing integrative literature reviews: Guidelines and examples. Human Resource Development Review, 4(3), 356–367.
- Usman, D. J. (2019). Public perception of trust in the police in Abuja Nigeria. Thesis (PhD). University of Glasgow.
- Uwazuruike, A. R. (2020). # EndSARS: The movement against police brutality in Nigeria. Harvard Human Rights Journal, 1–6.
- Westley, W. A. (1970). Violence and the police (pp. 126–127). Cambridge, MA: MIT press.