References
- Basra, R., & Neumann, P. R. (2016). Criminal pasts, terrorist futures: European jihadists and the new crime-terror nexus. Perspectives on Terrorism, 10(6), 25–40.
- Bonofer, J. A. (2010). The challenges of democracy in Maldives. International Journal of South Asian Studies, 3(2), 433–449.
- Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism. (2015). Maldives. Country Reports on Terrorism 2015.
- Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory. London: SAGE.
- De Graaf, B. A., & Van den Bos, K. (2021). Religious radicalization: social appraisals and finding radical redemption in extreme beliefs. Current Opinion in Psychology, 40, 56–60.
- Dharmawardhane, I. (2015). Maldives. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 8(1), 63–69.
- Di Biase, R., & Maniku, A.A. (2021). Transforming education in the Maldives: The challenges of a small island developing state. In P. M. Sarangapani & R. Pappu (Eds.), Handbook of education systems in South Asia (pp. 545–573). Singapore: Springer Singapore.
- Doosje, B., Moghaddam, F. M., Kruglanski, A. W., De Wolf, A., Mann, L., & Feddes, A. R. (2016). Terrorism, radicalization and de-radicalization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 79–84.
- Eitle, D., Gunkel, S., & Van Gundy, K. (2004). Cumulative exposure to stressful life events and male gang membership. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32(2), 95–111.
- Horgan, J. (2008). From profiles to pathways and roots to routes: Perspectives from psychology on radicalization into terrorism. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 618(1), 80–94.
- Kruglanski, A. W., Bélanger, J. J., Gelfand, M., Gunaratna, R., Hettiarachchi, M., Reinares, F., … Sharvit, K. (2013). Terrorism—A (self) love story: Redirecting the significance quest can end violence. American Psychologist, 68(7), 559.
- Kruglanski, A. W., Bélanger, J. J., & Gunaratna, R. (2019). The three pillars of radicalization: Needs, narratives, and networks. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand, M. J., Bélanger, J. J., Sheveland, A., Hetiarachchi, M., & Gunaratna, R. (2014). The psychology of radicalization and deradicalization: How significance quest impacts violent extremism. Political Psychology, 35, 69–93.
- Kruglanski, A. W., Molinario, E., Jasko, K., Webber, D., Leander, N. P., & Pierro, A. (2022). Significance-quest theory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(4), 1050–1071.
- Makan, A. (2007). Bomb blast wounds 12 tourists in Maldives capital. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-maldives-explosion/bomb-blast-wounds-12-tourists-inMaldives-capital-idUSCOL8415420070929
- Maldives Bureau of Statistics. (2006). Youth population in the Maldives. Census Analysis 2006.
- Maldives Democracy Network. (2016). Preliminary assessment of radicalization in the Maldives. http://mdn.mv/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Preliminary-Assessment-of-Radicalisationin-the-Maldives-Final.pdf
- Mashal, M. (2021). Former Maldives president is critically injured in bombing. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/world/asia/maldives-presidentbombing.html
- Mattick, R.P., Breen, C., Kimber, J., & Davoli, M. (2009). Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3.
- McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2017). Understanding political radicalization: The two-pyramids model. American Psychologist, 72(3), 205.
- Naaz, A. A. (2012). Rapid situation assessment of gangs in Male’. The Asia Foundation. http://saruna.mnu.edu.mv/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5532/1/Rapid%20Situation%20Assessment%20of%20Gangs%20in%20Mal%C3%A9.pdf
- Niyaz, A. (2010). Terrorism and extremism: a threat to Maldives tourism industry. Revista UNISCI, 24, 221–231.
- Pan, W., & Bai, H. (2009). A multivariate approach to a meta-analytic review of the effectiveness of the D.A.R.E. Program. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6(1), 267–277.
- Ramakrishna, K. (2021). The global threat landscape in 2020. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 13(1), 1–13.
- Ranjan, A. (2023). Foreign policy choice or domestic compulsion? Maldives’ deep ties with Saudi Arabia. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 58(4), 518–534.
- Salaam, A.O. (2011). Motivations for gang membership in Lagos, Nigeria: Challenge and resilience. Journal of Adolescent Research, 26(6), 701–726.
- Sayed, A., & Hamming, T.R. (2023). The growing threat of the Islamic State in Afghanistan and South Asia. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
- Schoenthaler, S.J., Blum, K., Braverman, E.R., Giordano, J., Thompson, B., Oscar-Berman, M., … Gold, M.S. (2015). NIDA-Drug Addiction Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS) relapse as a function of spirituality/religiosity. Journal of Reward Deficiency Syndrome, 01(1), 36.
- Seals, A. (2009). Are gangs a substitute for legitimate employment? Investigating the impact of labor market effects on gang affiliation. Kyklos, 62(3), 407–425.
- Shahid, H. (2014). National security policy and security challenges of Maldives. Fort Leavenworth: Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth KS.
- Shama, A. (2018). Islamic radicalization in the Maldives: An analysis of the role of religious networks and proliferation of different religious narratives. Journal of Advances in Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(5), 206–213.
- Shiuna, M., & Sodiq, A. (2013). Improving education in the Maldives: Stakeholder perspectives on the Maldivian education. Male: Maldives Research.
- Speckhard, A. (2016). The lethal cocktail of terrorism: the four necessary ingredients that go into making a terrorist & fifty individual vulnerabilities/motivations that may also play a role. McLean: International Center for the Study of Violent Extremism: Brief Report.
- Speckhard, A., Ellenberg, M., & Ali, S. (2022). Prison radicalisation in the Maldives. Male: Transparency Maldives & Ministry of Home Affairs.
- Speckhard, A., & Ellenberg, M. D. (2020). Isis in their own words: Recruitment history, motivations for joining, travel, experiences in ISIS, and disillusionment over time – analysis of 220 In-depth interviews of ISIS returnees, defectors and prisoners. Journal of Strategic Security, 13(1), 82–127.
- Stern, J. (2016). Radicalization to extremism and mobilization to violence: What have we learned and what can we do about it? The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 668(1), 102–117.
- Templer, R. J. (2019). Youth vulnerability in the Maldives. Male: United Nations Development Programme.
- Thoha, N. (2020). Assessing potential climate-related security risks in the Maldives: Exploring the future climate-induced migration. New York: Issue Brief, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
- UNICEF. (2015). Assessment of the situation of students who migrate to Malé for education: Abridged report. Male: UNICEF.
- UNICEF. (2018). The Maldives: Education. Male: UNICEF.
- U.S. Department of State. (2022). Integrated Country Strategy: Maldives.
- Zahir, A. (2020). Islamic State terror in the Maldives as COVID-19 arrives. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/islamic-state-terror-in-the-maldives-as-covid-19arrives/