Black radical masculinities in American warfare: reconfiguring resistance in the body of Muhammad Ali towards exile

References

• Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindedness. New York, NY: The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Arnaudova, I. (2014). Ten tips for developing a progammatic line of research. The Observer. Retrieved from http://www.psychologicalscience.org
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin, J. (1970). An open letter to my sister, Angela Y. Davis. The New York Review of Books. Retrieved from http://www.nybooks.com
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin, J. (1998). Freaks and the American ideal of manhood. In T. Morrison (Ed.), James Baldwin: Collected essays (pp. 814–829). New York, NY: The Library of America.
   Google Scholar
• Baraka, A. (1993). Spike Lee at the movies. In M. Diawara (Ed.), Black American cinema (pp. 145–153). New York, NY: Routledge Press.
   Google Scholar
• bell hooks. (1996). Reel to real: Race, sex, and class at the movies. New York, NY: Routledge Press.
   Google Scholar
• bell hooks. (2004). We real cool: Black men and masculinity. New York, NY: Routledge Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benston, K. (2000). Performing blackness: Enactments of African-American modernism. London: Routledge Press.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, J. (1988). Performative acts and gender constitution: An essay in phenomenology and feminist theory. Theatre Journal, 40(4), 519–531. doi: 10.2307/3207893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler, K. (2011). How to become a ‘blackman’: Exploring African American masculinities and the performance of gender. In R. Jackson & M. Hopson (Eds.), Masculinity in the black imagination: Politics of communicating race and manhood (pp. 55–88). New York, NY: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, K. B. (1965). Dark ghetto: Dilemmas of social power. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Coates, T. (2015). Letter to my son. The Atlantic. Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com
   Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W. (2002). The history of masculinity. In R. Adams & D. Savran (Eds.), The masculinity studies readers (pp. 245–261). Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Diawara, M. (1995). Malcolm X and the black public sphere: Conversionists versus culturalists. In The Black Public Sphere Collective (Eds.), The black public sphere (pp. 39–52). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• ESPN. Ali's 65. (2007). DVD. Multi-directed. Santa Monica, CA: Genius Entertainment.
   Google Scholar
• ESPN. Ali's Dozen. (2007). DVD. Multi-directed. Bristol, CN: Genius Entertainment.
   Google Scholar
• Frazier, E. F. (1939). The Negro family in the United States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gates, H. (1989). Signifying monkey: A theory of African-American literary criticism. London: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guerrero, E. (1993). Framing blackness: The African American image in film. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haley, A., & Malcolm, X. (1992). The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York, NY: Ballantine Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, R. E., Livingston, J. N., Henderson, V. V., Fisher, G. O., Hines, R. (2007). Postmodern perspectives on the economics of African American fatherhood. Journal of African American Studies, 10(4), 112–123. doi: 10.1007/s12111-007-9004-7
   Google Scholar
• Hartman, S. (1997). Scenes of subjection: Terror, slavery, and self-making in the 19th century. London: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hauser, T. (1991). Muhammad Ali: His life and times (eBooks and PDFs: Open Road Integrated Media, 2012). Retrieved May 1, 2015, from ebooksandpdfs.com
   Google Scholar
• Hearn, J. (2014). Men, masculinities and the material(-)discursive. NORMA: International Journal for Masculinity Studies, 9, 5–17. doi:10.1080/18902138.2014.892281
   Google Scholar
• Hearn, J., Nordberg, M., Andersson, K., Balkmar, D., Gottzén, L., Kinth, R., … Sandberg, L. (2012). Hegemonic masculinity and beyond: 40 years of research in Sweden. Men and Masculinities, 15, 3–10. doi:10.1177/1097184X11432111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennessy, J. (1999). Muhammad Ali: The Greatest. London: PRC.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkinson, N. & Moore, N. (2006). Deconstructing Tyrone: A new look at black masculinity in the hip-hop generation. Berkley, CA: Cleis Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hurston, Z. (1997). The characteristics of Negro expression. In Cheryl A. Wall (Ed.), Sweat (pp. 55–72). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, R. & Hopson, M. (2011). Masculinity in the black imagination: Politics of communicating race and manhood. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, J. A.k.a. Cassius Clay. (1970). DVD. Directed by Jim Jacobs. Los Angeles: MGM Home Entertainment.
   Google Scholar
• Kitwana, B. (2002). The hip-hop generation: Young blacks and crisis in African-American culture. New York, NY: Basic Civitas Book.
   Google Scholar
• Lemelle, A. (2010). Black masculinity and sexual politics. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lois, G. (2006). Ali rap: Muhammad Ali, the first heavyweight champion of rap. Cologne, Germany: Taschen Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lorde, A. (1984). The master's tools will never dismantle the master's house. In (Ed.), Sister outsider: Essays and speeches (pp. 110–114). Berkeley, CA: Crossing Press.
   Google Scholar
• Malveau, J. (2004). The real deal on black unemployment. Black Issues in Higher Education, 21, 33.
   Google Scholar
• Marable, M. (2011). Malcolm X: A life of reinvention. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• McNamara, R., Blight, J., & Brigham, R., Biersteker, T., & Schandler, H. (1999). Argument without end: In search of answers to the Vietnam tragedy. New York, NY: Public Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Moten, F. (2003). In the break: The aesthetics of the black radical tradition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Muhammad vs Cleveland Williams Full Fight. (2013). YouTube video, 8:00, posted by ‘Martin Bell', January 27. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/0rI6pZDJOVc?list=PLt66S96TziyQEGpL5g3R98V4md-Fz2Hnc
   Google Scholar
• Muhammad vs Ernie Terrell [FULL FIGHT]. (2014). YouTube video, 1:09:05, posted by ‘Adam M', February 12. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/efBcVKmbLs8?list=PLt66S96TziyQEGpL5g3R98V4md-Fz2Hnc
   Google Scholar
• Muhammad vs Zora Folley – March 22, 1967 – Entire fight – Rounds 1–7 & Interviews. (2012). YouTube video, 41:06, posted by ‘Levi Johansen', July 7. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/JMc7JtpOkSk?list=PLt66S96TziyQEGpL5g3R98V4md-Fz2Hnc
   Google Scholar
• Mutua, A. (2006). Progressive black maculinities? New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Neal, M. (2006). NewBlackMan. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Neal, M. (2013). Looking for Leroy: Illegible black masculinities. New York: New York University.
   Google Scholar
• Remnick, D. (1998). King of the world. New York, NY: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, C. (2000). Black Marxism: The making of the black radical tradition (2nd Ed.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.
   Google Scholar
• Sammons, J. (1988). Beyond the ring: The role of boxing in American society. Champain. University of Illinois.
   Google Scholar
• Staples, B. (1995). Parallel time: Growing up in black and white. New York, NY: Harper Perennial.
   Google Scholar
• Staples, R. (1983). Black masculinity: The black man's role in American society. New York, NY: Black Scholar Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ture, K., & Hamilton, C. (1992). Black power: The politics of liberation (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Labor. Office of Policy Planning and Research. (1965). The Negro family: The case for national action. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Watts, S., Thomas, R., & Murray, L. (2001). Muhammad Ali: Through the eyes of the world. DVD. Directed by Phil Grabsky. Universal City, CA: Universal Studios.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, W. J. (2012). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar