Personal therapy and the personal therapist

References

• Ackerman, S. J., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2003). A review of therapist characteristics and techniques positively impacting the therapeutic alliance. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(02)00146-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, T., Ogles, B. M., Patterson, C. L., Lambert, M. J., & Vermeersch, D. A. (2009). Therapist effects: Facilitative interpersonal skills as a predictor of therapist success. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(7), 755–768. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association. (2006). Policy statement on evidence-based practice in psychology. American Psychologist, 61(4), 271–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atzil-Slonim, D., Bar-Kalifa, E., Fisher, H., Lazarus, G., Hasson-Ohayon, I., Lutz, W., Rubel, J., & Rafaeli, E. (2019). Therapists’ empathic accuracy toward their clients’ emotions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(1), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, S., & Imel, Z. (2013). Therapist effects: Findings and methods. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (6th ed., pp. 258–297). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Barkham, M., Lutz, W., Lambert, M. J., & Saxon, D. (2017). Therapist effects, effective therapists, and the law of variability. In L. Castonguay & C. Hill (Eds.), How and why are some therapists better than others? Understanding therapist effects (pp. 13–36). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F. (2013). Writing a literature review. In M. Prinstein (Ed.), The portable mentor. (pp. 119–132). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Bellows, K. F. (2007). Psychotherapists’ personal psychotherapy and its perceived influence on clinical practice. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 71(3), 204–226. https://doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2007.71.3.204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett-Levy, J., & Finlay-Jones, A. (2018). The role of personal practice in therapist skill development: A model to guide therapists, educators, supervisors and researchers. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 47(3), 185–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2018.1434678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett-Levy, J., & Thwaites, R. (2007). Self and self-reflection in the therapeutic relationship. In P. Gilbert & R. L. Leahy (Eds.), The therapeutic relationship in the cognitive behavioral psychotherapies (pp. 255–283). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett-Levy, J., Thwaites, R., Chaddock, A., & Davis, M. (2009). Reflective practice in cognitive behavioural therapy: The engine of lifelong learning. In J. Stedmon & R. Dallos (Eds.), Reflection in psychotherapy and counseling (pp. 115–135). McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett-Levy, J., Thwaites, R., Haarhoff, B., & Perry, H. (2015). Experiencing CBT from the inside out: A self-practice/self-reflection workbook for therapists. Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett-Levy, J. (2019). Why therapists should walk the talk: The theoretical and empirical case for personal practice in therapist training and professional development. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 62, 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergin, A. E., & Lambert, M. J. (1971). The evaluation of therapeutic outcomes. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis. (Vol. 2, pp. 217–270). John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Bike, D. H., Norcross, J. C., & Schatz, D. M. (2009). Processes and outcomes of psychotherapists’ personal therapy: Replication and extension 20 years later. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 46(1), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley, P., Karasu, T. B., & Charles, E. (1981). Psychotherapists view their personal therapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 18(3), 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0088377
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daw, B., & Joseph, S. (2007). Qualified therapists’ experience of personal therapy. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 7(4), 227–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733140701709064
   Google Scholar
• Del Re, A., Flückiger, C., Horvath, A. O., Symonds, D., & Wampold, B. E. (2012). Therapist effects in the therapeutic alliance–outcome relationship: A restricted-maximum likelihood meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(7), 642–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derner, G. F., & Monroe, R. R. (1960). An interpersonal approach to training in psychotherapy. In N. P. Dellis & H. K. Stone (Eds.), The training of psychotherapists: A multidisciplinary approach. (pp. 130–150). Louisiana State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dinger, U., Strack, M., Leichsenring, F., Wilmers, F., & Schauenburg, H. (2008). Therapist effects on outcome and alliance in inpatient psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(3), 344–354. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkle, J. H., & Friedlander, M. L. (1996). Contribution of therapist experience and personal characteristics to the working alliance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(4), 456–460. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.43.4.456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, R., Bohart, A. C., Watson, J. C., & Murphy, D. (2018). Therapist empathy and client outcome: An updated meta-analysis. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eubanks, C. F., Muran, J., & Safran, J. (2018). Alliance rupture repair: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 508–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farber, B. A., Suzuki, J. Y., & Lynch, D. (2018). Positive regard and psychotherapy outcome: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink, B. (2009). A clinical introduction to Lacanian psychoanalysis: Theory and technique. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Flückiger, C., Del Re, A., Wampold, B. E., & Horvath, A. (2018). The alliance in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic synthesis. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 316–340. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (2005). The hermeneutics of the subject: Lectures at the Collège de France 1981–1982 (F. Gros Ed.; G. Burchell, Trans.). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Frederickson, J. (2013). Co-creating change. Seven Leaves Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freud, A. (1936/1992). The ego and the mechanisms of defence. Karnac Books Ltd. (Original work published 1936)
   Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1937/1976). Analysis terminable and interminable. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (pp. 5013–5047). W. W. Norton & Company. (Original work published 1937).
   Google Scholar
• Fromm, E. (1992). The art of being. Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Fromm-Reichmann, F. (1960). Principles of intensive psychotherapy. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Garfield, S. L., & Bergin, A. E. (1971). Personal therapy, outcome and some therapist variables. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 8(3), 251–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0086667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geller, J. D., Norcross, J. C., & Orlinsky, D. E. (2005). The question of personal therapy: Introduction and prospectus. In J. D. Geller, J. C. Norcross, & D. E. Orlinsky (Eds.), The psychotherapist’s own psychotherapy: Patient and clinician perspectives (pp. 3–11). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gerson, B. (2013). Introduction. In B. Gerson (Ed.), The therapist as a person: Life crises, life choices, life experiences, and their effects on treatment. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gold, S., Hilsenroth, M., Kuutmann, K., & Owen, J. (2015). Therapeutic alliance in the personal therapy of graduate clinicians: Relationship to the alliance and outcomes of their patients. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 22(4), 304–316. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S. (2015). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Greenspan, M., & Kulish, N. M. (1985). Factors in premature termination in long-term psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 22(1), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0088529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grotstein, J. S. (2009). But at the same time and on another level: Psychoanalytic theory and technique in the Kleinian/Bionian mode (Vol. 1). Karnac Books Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, J. A., Gelso, C. J., Goldberg, S., & Kivlighan, D. M. J. P. (2018). Countertransference management and effective psychotherapy: Meta-analytic findings. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 496–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, W. E., Sims, J. H., & Spray, S. L. (1971). The fifth profession. In W. E. Henry & N. Sanford (Eds.), Jossey-Bass behavioral science series (pp. 168–179). Jossey-Bass Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, C. E., Knox, S., & Pinto-Coelho, K. (2018). Therapist self-disclosure and immediacy: A qualitative meta-analysis. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 445–460. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imel, Z. E., & Wampold, B. E. (2008). The importance of treatment and the science of common factors in psychotherapy. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (pp. 249–266). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Johns, R. G., Barkham, M., Kellett, S., & Saxon, D. (2019). A systematic review of therapist effects: A critical narrative update and refinement to review. Clinical Psychology Review, 67, 78–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanter, J., Tsai, M., & Kohlenberg, R. J. (2010). The practice of functional analytic psychotherapy. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, M. M., Lorr, M., & Rubinstein, E. A. (1958). Remainer patient attributes and their relation to subsequent improvement in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 22(6), 411–413. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040446
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kolden, G. G., Wang, C., Austin, S. B., Chang, Y., & Klein, M. (2018). Congruence/genuineness: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 424–433. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 480–498. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacan, J. (1988). The seminar of Jacques Lacan. In J.-A. Miller (Ed.), Book 1, Freud’s papers on technique 1953–1954. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lafferty, P., Beutler, L. E., & Crago, M. (1989). Differences between more and less effective psychotherapists: A study of select therapist variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57(1), 76–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.57.1.76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laireiter, A. R., & Willutzki, U. (2005). Personal therapy in cognitive-behavioral therapy. In J. D. Geller, J. C. Norcross, & D. E. Orlinsky (Eds.), The psychotherapist’s own psychotherapy: Patient and clinician perspectives (pp. 41–52). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. J. (1989). The individual therapist’s contribution to psychotherapy process and outcome. Clinical Psychology Review, 9(4), 469–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(89)90004-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. J., Whipple, J. L., & Kleinstäuber, M. (2018). Collecting and delivering progress feedback: A meta-analysis of routine outcome monitoring. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 520–537. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laska, K. M., Smith, T. L., Wislocki, A. P., Minami, T., & Wampold, B. E. (2013). Uniformity of evidence-based treatments in practice? Therapist effects in the delivery of cognitive processing therapy for PTSD. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(1), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasky, R. (2005). The training analysis in the mainstream Freudian model. In J. D. Geller, J. C. Norcross, & D. E. Orlinsky (Eds.), The psychotherapist’s own psychotherapy (pp. 15–27). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lebow, J. (2005). The role and current practice of personal therapy in systemic/family therapy. In J. D. Geller, J. C. Norcross, &, & D. E. Orlinsky (Eds.), The psychotherapist’s own psychotherapy - patient and clinician perspective (pp. 52–58). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C. P., Gøtzsche, C., Ioannidis, J. P., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luborsky, L., McLellan, A. T., Diguer, L., Woody, G., & Seligman, D. A. (1997). The psychotherapist matters: Comparison of outcomes across twenty‐two therapists and seven patient samples. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 4(1), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.1997.tb00099.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luborsky, L., Rosenthal, R., Diguer, L., Andrusyna, T. P., Berman, J. S., Levitt, J. T., Seligman, D. A., & Krause, E. D. (2006). The dodo bird verdict is alive and well: Mostly. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9(1), 2–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.9.1.2
   Google Scholar
• Lutz, W., Leon, S. C., Martinovich, Z., Lyons, J. S., & Stiles, W. B. (2007). Therapist effects in outpatient psychotherapy: A three-level growth curve approach. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(1), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.32
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macran, S., & Shapiro, D. A. (1998). The role of personal therapy for therapists: A review. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71(1), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1998.tb01364.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney, M. J. (1997). Psychotherapists’ personal problems and self-care patterns. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 28(1), 14–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.28.1.14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malikiosi-Loizos, M. (2013). Personal therapy for future therapists: Reflections on a still debated issue. The European Journal of Counselling Psychology, 2(1), 33–50. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejcop.v2i1.4
   Google Scholar
• May, R., Angel, E., Ellenberger, H. F. (Eds.). (1994). Existence: A new dimension in psychiatry and psychology. Basic Books Inc.
   Google Scholar
• McNair, D. M., Lorr, M., & Callahan, D. M. (1963). Patient and therapist influences on quitting psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 27(1), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0039857
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNair, D. M., Lorr, M., Young, H. H., Roth, I., & Boyd, R. W. (1964). A three-year follow-up of psychotherapy patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20(2), 258–264. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(196404)20:2<258::AID-JCLP2270200220>3.0.CO;2-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, S. A., & Black, M. J. (2016). Freud and beyond: A history of modern psychoanalytic thought. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Muran, J. C., Safran, J. D., Eubanks, C. F., & Gorman, B. S. (2018). The effect of alliance- focused training on a cognitive-behavioral therapy for personality disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(4), 384–397. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, D. G. (2015). Exploring social psychology (7th ed.). McGraw Hill Education.
   Google Scholar
• Nissen‐Lie, H. A., Havik, O. E., Høglend, P. A., Rønnestad, M. H., & Monsen, J. T. (2015). Patient and therapist perspectives on alliance development: Therapists’ practice experiences as predictors. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 22(4), 317–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen-Lie, H., Rønnestad, H., Høglend, P., Havik, O., Solbakken, O. A., Stiles, T. C., & Monsen, J. T. (2017). Love yourself as a person, doubt yourself as a therapist? Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 24(1), 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., & Lambert, M. (2018). Psychotherapy relationships that work III. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 303–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C. (2005). The psychotherapist’s own psychotherapy: Educating and developing psychologists. American Psychologist, 60(8), 840–850. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.8.840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., Bike, D. H., & Evans, K. L. (2009). The therapist’s therapist: A replication and extension 20 years later. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 46(1), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., Bike, D. H., Evans, K. L., & Schatz, D. M. (2008). Psychotherapists who abstain from personal therapy: Do they practice what they preach? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(12), 1368–1376. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., & Connor, K. A. (2005). Psychotherapists entering personal therapy: Their primary reasons and presenting problems. In J. D. Geller, J. C. Norcross, & D. E. Orlinsky (Eds.), The psychotherapist’s own psychotherapy: Patient and clinician perspectives (pp. 192–201). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C. (Ed.). (2002). Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., Strausser-Kirtland, D., & Missar, C. D. (1988). The processes and outcomes of psychotherapists’ personal treatment experiences. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 25(1), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0085321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., & VandenBos, G. R. (2018). Leaving it at the office: A guide to psychotherapist self-care (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Orlinsky, D. E. (2013). Reasons for personal therapy given by psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapists and their effects on personal wellbeing and professional development. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 30(4), 644–662. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034587
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlinsky, D. E., Norcross, J. C., Rønnestad, M. H., & Wiseman, H. (2005). Outcomes and impacts of the psychotherapist’s own psychotherapy. In J. D. Geller, J. C. Norcross, & D. E. Orlinsky (Eds.), The psychotherapist’s own psychotherapy: Patient and clinician perspectives (pp. 214–235). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Orlinsky, D. E., Rønnestad, M. H., Willutzki, U., Wiseman, H., & Botermans, J. (2005). The prevalence and parameters of personal therapy in Europe and elsewhere. In J. D. Geller, J. C. Norcross, & D. E. Orlinsky (Eds.), The psychotherapist’s own psychotherapy (pp. 177–191). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Orlinsky, D. E., Schofield, M. J., Schroder, T., & Kazantzis, N. (2011). Utilization of personal therapy by psychotherapists: A practice‐friendly review and a new study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(8), 828–842. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, J. E., & Utesch, W. E. (1991). Personal therapy for family therapy graduate students. Contemporary Family Therapy, 13(4), 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00897873
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulsen, J., & Peel, T. H. (2013). Betydningen av terapeutens egenterapi. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 50(11), 1074–1079.
   Google Scholar
• Perls, F. S. (1969). Ego, hunger, and aggression: The beginning of gestalt therapy. Crown Publishing Group/Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Peebles, M. J. (1980). Personal therapy and ability to display empathy, warmth and genuineness in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 17(3), 258–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0085919
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peluso, P. R., & Freund, R. R. (2018). Therapist and client emotional expression and psychotherapy outcomes: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 461–472. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, K. S., & Tabachnick, B. G. (1994). Therapists as patients: A national survey of psychologists’ experiences, problems, and beliefs. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25(3), 247–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.25.3.247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plous, S. (1993). The psychology of judgment and decision making. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
   Google Scholar
• Rizq, R., & Target, M. (2008). The power of being seen’: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of how experienced counselling psychologists describe the meaning and significance of personal therapy in clinical practice. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 36(2), 131–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880801926418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. (2012). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin Company.
   Google Scholar
• Rønnestad, M. H., Orlinsky, D. E., & Wiseman, H. (2016). Professional development and personal therapy. In J. C. Norcross, G. R. VandenBos, D. K. Freedheim, & L. F. Campbell (Eds.), APA handbooks in psychology®. APA handbook of clinical psychology: Education and profession (pp. 223–235). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Safran, J., & Segal, Z. V. (1996). Interpersonal process in cognitive therapy. Jason Aronson, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Saxon, D., & Barkham, M. (2012). Patterns of therapist variability: Therapist effects and the contribution of patient severity and risk. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(4), 535–546. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharff, M., & Scharff, J. S. (1977). Transference and countertransference. In M. Scharff & J. S. Scharff (Eds.), Object relations family therapy. Rowman & Littlefield Publisher.
   Google Scholar
• Schön, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Self-Awareness. (2014). Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014. (1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014). Retrieved January 10, 2019 from https://www.thefreedictionary.com/self-awareness
   Google Scholar
• Self-Knowledge. (2019b). American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 5th Edition. (2011). Retrieved January 10, 2019 from https://www.thefreedictionary.com/self-knowledge
   Google Scholar
• Siddaway, A. P., Wood, A. M., & Hedges, L. V. (2019). How to do a systematic review: a best practice guide for conducting and reporting narrative reviews, meta-analyses, and meta-syntheses. Annual Review of Psychology, 70(1), 747–770. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storm, C., McDowell, T., & Long, J. (2003). The metamorphosis of training and supervision. In T. L. Sexton, G. R. Weeks, & M. S. Robbins (Eds.), Handbook of family therapy. (pp. 431–448). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tilden, T. (2013). Det nødvendige samvirket mellom spesifikke og generelle faktorer. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 50(10), 1006–1010.
   Google Scholar
• Tryon, G. S., Birch, S. E., & Verkuilen, J. (2018). Meta-analyses of the relation of goal consensus and collaboration to psychotherapy outcome. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 372–383. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. E. (2009, December 22). How psychotherapy works. Interviewer: APA. American Psychologist Association. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2009/12/wampold
   Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. E. (2010). The research evidence for the common factors models: A historically situated perspective. In B. Duncan, S. D. Miller, & B. E. Wampold (Eds.), The heart and soul of change: delivering what works in therapy (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. E. (2011). Qualities and actions of effective therapists. http://www.apa.org/education/ce/effective-therapists.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. E. (2014). The contribution of the therapist to psychotherapy: Characteristics and actions of effective therapists. In A. L. Lippe, H. A. Nissen‐Lie, & H. W. Oddli (Eds.), Psykoterapeuten: En antologi om terapeutens rolle i psykoterapi (1st ed., pp. 51–69). Gyldendal Norsk Forlag.
   Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. E., & Brown, G. S. J. (2005). Estimating variability in outcomes attributable to therapists: A naturalistic study of outcomes in managed care. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(5), 914–923. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. E. (2015). How important are the common factors in psychotherapy? An update. World Psychiatry, 14(3), 270–277. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. E. (2017). How to use research to become more effective therapists. In T. Tilden, & B. Wampold (Eds.), Routine outcome monitoring in couple and family therapy (pp. 245–260). Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker, C. A., & Bumberry, W. M. (1988). Person of the therapist: Personal integrity and professional role structure. In C. A. Whitaker & W. M. Bumberry (Eds.), Dancing with the family: A symbolic experiential approach. (pp. 18–28). Brunner/Mazel.
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker, C. A., & Keith, D. (1981). Symbolic-experiential family therapy. In A. Gurman & D. Kniskern (Eds.), Handbook of family therapy (Vol. 1, pp. 187–225). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wigg, R., Cushway, D., & Neal, A. (2011). Personal therapy for therapists and trainees: A theory of reflective practice from a review of the literature. Reflective Practice, 12(3), 347–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2011.571866
   Google Scholar
• Wiseman, H., & Shefler, G. (2001). Experienced psychoanalytically oriented therapists’ narrative acounts of their personal therapy: Impacts on professional and personal development. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(2), 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.38.2.129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, A. W., Goldfried, M. R., & Muran, J. C. (2017). Therapist negative reactions: How to transform toxic experiences. In L. G. Castonguay & C. E. Hill (Eds.), How and why are some therapists better than others?: Understanding therapist effects (p. 175–192). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Yalom, I. (2003). Terapiens gave. Pax forlag A/S.
   Google Scholar