Adaptation and Validation of the Polymorphous Prejudice Scale (PPS) - A Short Form In a Sample of Heterosexual Chilean College Students

REFERENCES

• Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarian specter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, R., & Fetner, T. (2008). Economic inequality and intolerance: Attitudes toward homosexuality in 35 democracies. American Journal of Political Sciences, 52, 942–958. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00352.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbuckle, J., & Wothke, W. (1999). AMOS 4.0 user's guide. Chicago, IL: Smallwaters.
   Google Scholar
• Barrientos, J., & Cárdenas, M. (2012). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Spanish language version of the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (ATLG). Universitas Psychologica, 11, 561–568.
   Google Scholar
• Barrientos, J., Díaz, J.L., Gómez, F., Muñoz, F., Sivori, H., & Cárdenas, M. (2012). Derechos, Política, Violencia y Diversidad Sexual: Segunda encuesta Marcha Por el Orgullo y Diversidad Sexual [Rights, politics, violence and sexual diversity: Second LGBT-Pride Survey]. Santiago, Chile: Latin American Center on Sexuality and Human Rights (CLAM)/Instituto de Medicina Social (IMS)/Universidade do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (UERJ).
   Google Scholar
• Batson, C.D., Schoenrade, P., & Ventis, W.L. (1993). Religion and the individual: A social-psychological perspective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bentler, M.P., & Dudgeon, P. (1996). Covariance structure analysis: Statistical practice, theory and directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 563–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanton, H., Jaccard, J., Klick, J., Mellers, B., Mitchell, G., & Tetlock, P. (2009). Strong claims and weak evidence: Reassessing the predictive validity of the IAT. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 567–582. doi:10.1037/a0014665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, M.W., & Kudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K.A. Bollen & J.S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Cárdenas, M., & Barrientos, J. (2008a). Actitudes Explícitas e Implícitas hacia los Hombres Homosexuales en una Muestra de Estudiantes Universitarios en Chile [Explicit and implicit attitudes toward gay men in a university sample in Chile]. Psykhe, 17(2), 17–25.
   Google Scholar
• Cárdenas, M., & Barrientos, J. (2008b). The Attitudes Toward Lesbians & Gay Men Scale (ATLG): Adaptation and testing the reliability and validity in Chile. Journal of Sex Research, 45, 140–149. doi:10.1080/00224490801987424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cárdenas, M., Barrientos, J., Gómez, F., & Frías-Navarro, D. (2012). Attitudes toward gay men and lesbians and their relationship with gender role beliefs in a sample of Chilean university students. International Journal of Sexual Health, 24, 226–236. doi:10.1080/19317611.2012.700687
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrera-Fernández, M.V., Lameiras-Fernández, M., Rodríguez-Castro, Y., & Vallejo-Medina, P. (2013). Spanish adolescents’ attitudes toward transpeople: Proposal and validation of a short form of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale. Journal of Sex Research, 51(6), 654–666. doi:10.1080/00224499.2013.773577
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cowan, G., Heiple, B., Márquez, C., Khatchadourian, D., & McNevin, M. (2005). Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward hate crimes and hate speech against gays and lesbians: Old fashioned and modern heterosexism. Journal of Homosexuality, 49(2), 67–82. doi:10.1300/J082v49n02_04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, S.J., Kitzinger, C., & Wilkinson, S. (2002). Attitudes towards lesbians and gay men and support for lesbian and gay human rights among psychology students. Journal of Homosexuality, 44(1), 121–138. doi:10.1300/J082v44n01_07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flesch, M.E. (2012). The attitudes of occupational therapists toward lesbians, gays, and bisexuals Master's and Doctoral Projects. Paper 174. Retrieved July 22, 2013 from: http://utdr.utoledo.edu/graduate-projects/174
   Google Scholar
• Frías-Navarro, D., & Pascual Soler, M. (2012). Prácticas del Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) en la investigación sobre conducta del consumidor y marketing [Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in consumer behavior and marketing research]. Suma Psicológica, 19(1), 47–58.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, S.B., & Davis, D.S. (2010). Heterosexual allies: A descriptive profile. Equity & Excellence in Education, 43, 478–494. doi:10.1080/10665684.2010.505464
   Google Scholar
• Gómez, F., & Barrientos, J. (2012). Efectos del prejuicio sexual en la salud mental de gays y lesbianas, en la ciudad de Antofagasta, Chile. [The effects of sexual prejudice on the mental health of gays and lesbians in Antofagasta, Chile.] Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad, 10, 100–123. doi:10.1590/S1984-64872012000400005
   Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A.G., & Banaji, M.R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4–27. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E., & Schwartz, J.L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1469–1480. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A.G., & Nosek, B.A. (2001). Health of Implicit Association Test at age 3. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 85–93. doi:10.1026//0949-3946.48.2.85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grey, J.A., Robinson, B.B., Coleman, E., & Bockting, W. O. (2013). A systematic review of instruments that measure attitudes toward homosexual men. Journal of Sex Research, 50(3–4), 329–352. doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.746279
   Google Scholar
• Herek, G.M. (1984). Attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A factor-analytic study. Journal of Homosexuality, 10, 39–51. doi:10.1300/J082v10n01_03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G.M. (1988). Heterosexual's attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: Correlates and gender differences. Journal of Sex Research, 25, 451–477. doi:10.1080/00224498809551476
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G.M. (2000). The psychology of sexual prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 19–22. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G.M., & McLemore, K.A. (2012). Sexual prejudice. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 309–333. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffarth, M. (2013). Subjective ambivalence and the expression of anti-gay bias (Unpublished master's thesis). Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jöreskog, K.G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). Lisrel 8: Structural equation modeling with the Simplis command language. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Lopes, D., & Oliveira, J.M. (2013). Determinants of prejudice against homosexuals in Portugal: Homophobia, polymorphous prejudice and its predictors. Psychology, Community & Health, 2, 198–238. doi:10.5964/pch.v2i2.71
   Google Scholar
• Martinez, P., Barsky, A., & Singleton, S. (2011). Exploring queer consciousness among social workers. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 23, 296–315. doi:10.1080/10538720.2010.541026
   Google Scholar
• Massey, S. G. (2004). Polymorphous prejudice: Liberating the measurement of heterosexuals'attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, City University of New York.
   Google Scholar
• Massey, S. (2009). Polymorphous prejudice: Liberating the measurement of heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 56, 147–172. doi:10.1080/00918360802623131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery, S.A., & Stewart, A.J. (2012). Privileged allies in lesbian and gay rights activism: Gender, generation, and resistance to heteronormativity. Journal of Social Issues, 68, 162–177. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2012.01742.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, M.A., & Morrison, T.G. (2003). Development and validation of a scale measuring modern prejudice toward gay men and lesbian women. Journal of Homosexuality, 43(2), 15–37. doi:10.1300/J082v43n02_02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, M.A., & Morrison, T.G. (2011). Sexual orientation bias toward gay men and lesbian women: Modern homonegative attitudes and their association with discriminatory behavioral intentions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41, 2573–2599. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00838.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Movimiento de Integración y Liberación Homosexual. (2013). XI Informe Anual de Derechos Humanos de la Diversidad Sexual en Chile, Hechos 2012. Historia anual de las minorías sexuales chilenas [Eleventh annual report: Human rights of sexual diversity in Chile]. Santiago, Chile: Author. . Retrieved from http://www.movilh.cl/documentacion/XI_Informe_de_DHH_Movilh_Hechos_2012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nagoshi, J.L., Adams, K.A., Terrell, H.K., Hill, E.D., Brzuzy, S., & Nagoshi, C.T. (2008). Gender differences in correlates of homophobia and transphobia. Sex Roles, 59, 521–531. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9458-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieves, M., Betancor, V., Rodríguez, R., Rodríguez, A., & Coello, E. (2003). La medida de la homofobia manifiesta y sutil. [Measuring explicit and subtle homophobia.] Psicothema, 15, 197–204.
   Google Scholar
• Nuñez-Alarcón, M., Moreno-Jiménez, M., & Moral-Toranzo, F. (2011). Modelo causal del prejuicio religioso. [Causal model of religious prejudice.] Anales de Psicología, 27, 852–861. doi:10.6018/135611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric theory ( 2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Pallahuala, S., Avendaño, S., & Estrada, C. (2011). De la tradición y la evolución: Bienestar psicológico en hombres patagónicos contemporáneos [From tradition and evolution: Psychological being well in contemporary Patagonian men]. Magallania, 39(1), 5–14. doi:10.4067/S0718-22442011000100004
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2013). The global divide on homosexuality: Greater acceptance in more secular and affluent countries. Retrieved from http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homo-sexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo. (2010). Desarrollo humano en Chile. Género: los desafíos de la igualdad [Human development in Chile. Gender]. Santiago, Chile: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Raja, S., & Stokes, J. (1998). Assessing attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: The Modern Homophobia Scale. Journal of Gay and Bisexual Identity, 3, 113–134. doi:10.1023/A:1023244427281
   Google Scholar
• Ramírez, E., Estrada, C., & Yzerbyt, V. (in press). Estudio correlacional de prejuicio y discriminación implícita y explícita en una muestra magallánica. [Correlational study of implicit and explicit prejudice and discrimination in a Magellan sample]. Atenea.
   Google Scholar
• Stones, C.R. (2006). Anti-gay attitudes among heterosexual males: Right-wing authoritarianism as a stronger predictor than social-dominance orientation and heterosexual identity. Social Behavior and Personality, 34, 1137–1150. doi:10.2224/sbp.2006.34.9.1137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toro, J., & Varas, N. (2004). Los otros: prejuicio y distancia social hacia hombres gay y lesbianas en la muestra de estudiantes de nivel universitario. [The others: Prejudice and social distance toward gay men and lesbians in a sample of university-level students.] Internacional Journal of Health Psychology, 4, 537–551. Retrieved from http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=990168
   Google Scholar
• Tsang, J.A., & Rowatt, W.C. (2007). The relationship between religious orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, and implicit sexual prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 17, 99–120. doi:10.1080/10508610701244122
   Google Scholar
• van den Akker, H., van der Ploeg, R., & Scheepers, P. (2013). Disapproval of homosexuality: Comparative research on individual and national determinants of disapproval of homosexuality in 20 European countries. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 25, 64–83. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edr058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt, P. (1997). Tolerance and education: Learning to live with diversity and difference. London, England: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Wulff, D. (1997). Psychology of religion: Classic and contemporary ( 2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar