Understanding and Challenging Stigma Associated With Sexual Interest in Children: A Systematic Review

References

• American Psychological Association (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• B4U-ACT (2019). Learn: Know the Facts. B4U-ACT. https://www.b4uact.org/know-the-facts/
   Google Scholar
• Bartram, K. A. (2018). Does mental illness affect societal perception of sex offenders? [Master’s thesis, John Jay College of Criminal Justice]. CUNY Academic Works. https://academicworks.cuny.edu/jj_etds/63/
   Google Scholar
• Bizer, G. Y., Larsen, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (2011). Exploring the valence‐framing effect: Negative framing enhances attitude strength. Political Psychology, 32(1), 59–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00795.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blagden, N., Lievesley, R., & Ware, J. (2017). Emotions and sexual offending. In Gannon, T. A., & Ward, T. (Eds.), Sexual offending: Cognition, emotion and motivation (pp. 71–88). Wiley Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard, R., Lykins, A. D., Wherrett, D., Kuban, M. E., Cantor, J. M., Blak, T., Dickey, R., & Klassen, P. E. (2009). Pedophilia, hebephilia, and the DSM-V. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(3), 335–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9399-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boardman, K. A., & Bartels, R. M. (2018). Using video stimuli to examine judgments of nonoffending and offending pedophiles: A brief communication. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 44(4), 333–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2017.1405300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budd, K. (2011). Moral panics and changing sociolegal responses toward stigmatized outsiders: Public perceptions of convicted sex offenders and sex offender laws (Publication No. 3479316) [Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
   Google Scholar
• Cacciatori, H. (2017). The lived experiences of men attracted to minors and their therapy-seeking behaviors [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. Scholarworks. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4970&context=dissertations
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, J. (2013). Comparisons between psychology graduate students/trainees and licensed psychologists concerning general attitudes and perceptions of pedophiles (Publication No. 3615262) [Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
   Google Scholar
• Cantor, J. M. (2014). Gold-star” pedophiles in general sex therapy practice. In Y. M. Binik & K. S. Hall (Eds.), Principles and practice of sex therapy (5th ed., pp. 219–234).Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Cantor, J. M., & McPhail, I. V. (2016). Non-offending pedophiles. Current Sexual Health Reports, 8(3), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-016-0076-z
   Google Scholar
• Cash, B. M. (2016). Self-identifications. Sexual development, and wellbeing in minor-attracted people: An exploratory study [Master’s thesis, Cornell University]. https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/45135/bmc87.pdf?sequence=1
   Google Scholar
• Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., Morgan, C., Rüsch, N., Brown, J. S. L., & Thornicroft, G. (2015). What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychological Medicine, 45(1), 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714000129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, L., Ndukwe, N., Yaseen, Z., & Galynker, I. (2018). Comparison of self-identified minor-attracted persons who have and have not successfully refrained from sexual activity with children. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 44(3), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2017.1377129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, L. J., Wilman-Depena, S., Barzilay, S., Hawes, M., Yaseen, Z., & Galynker, I. (2020). Correlates of chronic suicidal ideation among community-based minor-attracted persons. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 32(3), 273–300. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1079063219825868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, S. J., Stevelink, S. A. M., Hatch, S. L., Denny, J. A., & Greenberg, N. (2017). Stigma-related barriers and facilitators to help seeking for mental health issues in the armed forces: A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative literature. Psychological Medicine, 47(11), 1880–1892. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717000356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colson, M. D. (2018). Sex offender perceptions: Investigating social supports as buffers to the consequences of Megan’s Law [Master’s thesis, Rowan University]. Rowan Digital Works. https://rdw.rowan.edu/etd/2622/
   Google Scholar
• Corabian, G. (2012). Collateral effects of the media on sex offender reintegration: Perceptions of sex offenders, professionals, and the lay public [Master’s thesis, University of Alberta]. Education and Research Archive. https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/6abb2916-73b5-47b0-8c20-d5210642b11f
   Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W., Larson, J. E., & Rüsch, N. (2009). Self‐stigma and the “why try” effect: Impact on life goals and evidence‐based practices. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (Wpa), 8(2), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00218.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W., Morris, S. B., Michaels, P. J., Rafacz, J. D., & Rüsch, N. (2012). Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: A meta-analysis of outcome studies. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C..), 63(10), 963–973. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201100529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vel-Palumbo, M., Howarth, L., & Brewer, M. B. (2019). Once a sex offender always a sex offender’? Essentialism and attitudes towards criminal justice policy. Psychology, Crime & Law, 25(5), 421–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2018.1529234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feelgood, S., & Hoyer, J. (2008). Child molester or paedophile? Sociolegal versus psychopathological classification of sexual offenders against children. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 14(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600802133860
   Google Scholar
• Flynt, L. N. (2016). Law enforcement officers attitudes towards sex offenders and SORNA policies (Publication No. 10172475) [Doctoral dissertation, Capella University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
   Google Scholar
• Freimond, C. M. (2013). Navigating the stigma of pedophilia: The experiences of nine minor-attracted men in Canada [Master’s thesis, Simon Fraser University]. Summit. http://summit.sfu.ca/item/13798
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma and social identity. In Anderson, T, L. (Ed.), Understanding deviance: Connecting classical and contemporary perspectives (pp. 256–265). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Goodier, S., & Lievesley, R. (2018). Understanding the needs of individuals at risk of perpetrating child sexual abuse: A practitioner perspective. Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice, 18(1), 77–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/24732850.2018.1432185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady, M. D., Levenson, J. S., Mesias, G., Kavanagh, S., & Charles, J. (2019). “I can’t talk about that”: Stigma and fear as barriers to preventive services for minor-attracted persons. Stigma and Health, 4(4), 400–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000154
   Google Scholar
• Greineder, B. (2012). Correctional officers’ perceptions of sexual offenders (Publication No. 3507629) [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
   Google Scholar
• Gunnarsdottir, K. E. (2018). Attitudes toward people with pedophilia: Comparing the views of psychology students and police trainees in Norway [Master’s thesis, University of Oslo]. Duo Research Archive. https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/63353
   Google Scholar
• Hancock, V. (2019) Clinicians’ Attitudes Towards Sex Offender Treatment. [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=9077&context=dissertations
   Google Scholar
• Hanson, K. (2018). Evaluating stigmatizing attitudes among clinicians toward people with ABDL and pedophilic interests [Master’s thesis, Minnesota State University]. Cornerstone. https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds/807/
   Google Scholar
• Harper, C. A., & Bartels, R. M. (2017). The influence of implicit theories and offender characteristics on judgements of sexual offenders: A moderated mediation analysis. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 23(2), 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2016.1250963
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, C. A., Bartels, R. M., & Hogue, T. E. (2018). Reducing stigma and punitive attitudes toward pedophiles through narrative humanization. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 30(5), 533–555. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1079063216681561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, C. A. (2016). Examining the link between media representations and attitudes towards sexual offenders using a dual-process framework [Doctoral dissertation, University of Lincoln]. Lincoln Repository. http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/id/eprint/24742/
   Google Scholar
• Harper, C. A., Lievesley, R., Carpenter, T., Blagden, N., Hocken, K. (2019). Using personal narratives to humanize people with pedophilic sexual interests. Advance Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9c3s2
   Google Scholar
• Harris, A. J., & Socia, K. M. (2016). What’s in a name? Evaluating the effects of the “sex offender” What’s in a name? Evaluating the effects of the “sex offender” label on public opinions and beliefs. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 28(7), 660–678. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1079063214564391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildembrand, S. (2019). The effects of the social imposition of stigma and self-stigma on convicted sex offenders: A phenomenological study (Publication No. 13899558). [Doctoral dissertation, Fielding Graduate University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
   Google Scholar
• Houtepen, J. A., Sijtsema, J. J., & Bogaerts, S. (2016). Being sexually attracted to minors: Sexual development, coping with forbidden feelings, and relieving sexual arousal in self-identified pedophiles. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 42(1), 48–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2015.1061077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imhoff, R. (2015). Punitive attitudes against pedophiles or persons with sexual interest in children: Does the label matter? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0439-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imhoff, R., & Jahnke, S. (2018). Determinants of punitive attitudes toward people with pedophilia: Dissecting effects of the label and intentionality ascriptions. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(2), 353–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1048-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahnke, S. (2018a). Emotions and cognitions associated with the stigma of non-offending pedophilia: A vignette experiment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(2), 363–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1073-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahnke, S. (2018b). The stigma of pedophilia: Clinical and forensic implications. European Psychologist, 23(2), 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahnke, S., & Hoyer, J. (2013). Stigmatization of people with pedophilia: A blind spot in stigma research. International Journal of Sexual Health, 25(3), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2013.795921
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahnke, S., Imhoff, R., & Hoyer, J. (2015). Stigmatization of people with pedophilia: Two comparative surveys. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0312-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahnke, S., Philipp, K., & Hoyer, J. (2015). Stigmatizing attitudes towards people with pedophilia and their malleability among psychotherapists in training. Child Abuse & Neglect, 40, 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahnke, S., Schmidt, A. F., Geradt, M., & Hoyer, J. (2015). Stigma-related stress and its correlates among men with pedophilic sexual interests. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(8), 2173–2187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0503-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, L. L., & Roberts, J. J. (2017). The complexity of public attitudes toward sex crimes. Victims & Offenders, 12(1), 71–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2015.1005266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleban, H., & Jeglic, E. (2012). Dispelling the myths: Can psychoeducation change public attitudes towards sex offenders? Journal of Sexual Aggression, 18(2), 179–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2011.552795
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, J. L. (2015). Vilifying the pedophiles and perverts: A nationwide test of the Community Attitudes Toward Sex Offenders (CATSO) scale. Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 16(3), 41–60.
   Google Scholar
• Levenson, J. S., & Grady, M. D. (2019). Preventing sexual abuse: Perspectives of minor-attracted persons about seeking help. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 31(8), 991–1013. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1079063218797713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson, J. S., Grady, M. D. (2019). “I Could Never Work With Those People…”: Secondary prevention of child sexual abuse via a brief training for therapists about pedophilia. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(20), 4281–4302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519869238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson, J. S., Willis, G. M., & Vicencio, C. P. (2017). Obstacles to help-seeking for sexual offenders: Implications for prevention of sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 26(2), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2016.1276116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lievesley, R., Harper, C. A., & Elliott, H. (2020). The internalization of social stigma among minor-attracted persons: Implications for treatment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(4), 1291–1304. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-019-01569-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., Cullen, F. T., Struening, E., Shrout, P.E., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1989). A modified labeling theory approach to mental disorders: An empirical assessment. American Sociological Review, 400–423.
   Google Scholar
• Lowe, G., & Willis, G. (2020). Sex offender” versus “person”: The influence of labels on willingness to volunteer with people who have sexually abused. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 32(5), 591–523. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063219841904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, H., & Loke, A. Y. (2020). A scoping review of an HIV/AIDS-related stigma-reduction intervention for professionals and students from health-related disciplines. International Journal of Sexual Health, 32(2), 94–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2020.1754317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malinen, S., Willis, G. M., & Johnston, L. (2014). Might informative media reporting of sexual offending influence community members’ attitudes towards sex offenders? Psychology, Crime & Law, 20(6), 535–552. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2013.793770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCartan, K. (2010). Media constructions of, and reactions to, paedophilia in society. In Harrison, K. (Ed.), Managing high-risk sex offenders in the community: Risk management, treatment and social responsibility (pp. 249–268). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McCartan, K. F. (2011). Professional responses to contemporary discourses and definitions of pedophilia. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 13(4), 322–335. https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2011.13.4.240
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montes, D. R. (2018). Social Work Perceptions of Pedophilies: Opening the Dialogue [Master’s thesis, California State University]. CSUSB Scholarworks. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/680
   Google Scholar
• Moss, S. L. (2019). Understanding the treatment barriers for minor-attracted persons living in the community [Master’s thesis, Saint Mary’s University]. Patrick Power Library. http://www.t.library2.smu.ca/handle/01/29008#.XsUI7mgzbIU
   Google Scholar
• Muir, S. A. (2018). More than “potential offenders”: Understanding adults who are sexually attracted to children who have not offended [Doctoral dissertation, Massey University]. MRO. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/15091
   Google Scholar
• Parr, J., & Pearson, D. (2019). Non-offending minor-attracted persons: Professional practitioners’ views on the barriers to seeking and receiving their help. Journal of child sexual abuse, 28(8), 945–967. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2019.1663970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piche, L., Mathesius, J., Lussier, P., & Schweighofer, A. (2016). Preventative services for sexual offenders, Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 30, 63–81. https://doi.10.1177/1079063216630749
   Google Scholar
• Richards, K. (2018). Born this way? A qualitative examination of public perceptions of the causes of pedophilia and sexual offending against children. Deviant Behavior, 39(7), 835–851. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2017.1335526
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosselli, M. K., & Jeglic, E. L. (2017). Factors impacting upon attitudes toward sex offenders: The role of conservatism and knowledge. Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law: An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 24(4), 496–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2016.1254562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rüsch, N., Angermeyer, M. C., & Corrigan, P. W. (2005). Mental illness stigma: Concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 20(8), 529–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rydell, R. J., McConnell, A. R., Strain, L. M., Claypool, H. M., & Hugenberg, K. (2007). Implicit and explicit attitudes respond differently to increasing amounts of counterattitudinal information. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(5), 867–878. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.393
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandbukt, I. J. (2019). Dealing with the stigma: How eight men experience and cope with their “sex offender” label [Master’s thesis, University of Oslo]. DUO Research Archive. https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/70635
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz, N., Newman, E., & Leach, W. (2016). Making the truth stick & the myths fade: Lessons from cognitive psychology. Behavioral Science & Policy, 2(1), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1353/bsp.2016.0009
   Google Scholar
• Serigstad, N. H. (2016). Talking about a taboo-health providers’ attitudes towards people with pedophilia [Master’s thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology]. NTNU. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2455826
   Google Scholar
• Seto, M. C. (2008). Pedophilia and sexual offending against children: Theory, assessment, and intervention. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11639-000
   Google Scholar
• Seto, M. C. (2017). The puzzle of male chronophilias. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0799-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, E., & Wood, J. (2019). “I Despise Myself for Thinking about Them.” A thematic analysis of the mental health implications and employed coping mechanisms of self-reported non-offending minor attracted persons. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 28(8), 968–989. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2019.1657539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakker, J. (2012). Public attitudes to sex offenders in New Zealand. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 18(2), 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2010.526245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theaker, E. A. (2015). Reframing the non-offending pedophile to combat child sexual abuse: A content analysis of public response to Luke Malone’s “Help Wanted” [Master’s thesis, University of Washington Bothell]. Researchworks Archive. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/34843
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, J., & Harden, A. (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-8-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel, D. L., Bitman, R. L., Hammer, J. H., & Wade, N. G. (2013). Is stigma internalized? The longitudinal impact of public stigma on self-stigma. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(2), 311–316. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0031889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, A. (2017). Understanding resilience strategies among minor-attracted individuals [Doctoral dissertation, City University of New York]. CUNY Academic Works. https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2285/
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, D., & Jones, T. (2008). In my own world’: A case study of a paedophile’s thinking and doing and his use of the internet. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 47(2), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2008.00512.x
   Google Scholar
• Wurtele, S. K. (2018). University students’ perceptions of child sexual offenders: Impact of classroom instruction. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(3), 276–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2018.1435598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar