687
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Effects of Fear Appeals on Communicating Potential Health Risks of Unregulated Dietary Supplements to College Students

, &
Pages 308-315 | Received 19 Jan 2014, Accepted 15 Mar 2014, Published online: 30 Aug 2014

References

  • ArnoldCL, DavisTC, BerkelHJ, JacksonRH, NandyI, LondonS. Smoking status, reading level, and knowledge of tobacco effects among low-income pregnant women. Prev Med.2001;32:313-320.
  • PetersG-JY, RuiterRAC, KokG. Threatening communication: a critical re-analysis and a revised meta-analytic test of fear appeal theory. Health Psychol Rev.2013;7(Suppl 1):S8-S31.
  • SchoenbachlerDD, WhittlerTE. Adolescent processing of social and physical threat communications. J Advert.1996;25(4):37-54.
  • QuinnV, MeenaghanT, BrannickT. Fear appeals: segmentation is the way to go. Int J Advert.1992;11:355-366.
  • de HoogN, StroebeW, de WitJBF. The impact of vulnerability to and severity of a health risk on processing and acceptance of fear-arousing communications: a meta-analysis. Rev Gen Psych.2007;11:258-285.
  • WitteK. Putting the fear back into fear appeals: the extended parallel process model. Commun Monogr.1992;59:329-349.
  • WitteE, AllenM. A meta-analysis of fear appeals: implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Educ Behav.2000;27:591-615.
  • HamiltonG, CrossD, ResnicowK. Occasional cigarette smokers: cue for harm reduction smoking education. Addict Res Theor.2000;8:419-437.
  • ChanCF. The anti-smoking advertising campaign in Hong Kong: communication and attitudinal perspectives. Int J Advert.1991;10:349-357.
  • FloraSR. Behavioral effects of sport nutritional supplements: fact or fiction? In: LuiselliJK, ReedDD, eds. Behavioral Sport Psychology. Vol 7. New York, NY: Springer; 2011;211-226.
  • BuellJL, FranksR, RansoneJ, PowersME, LaqualeKM, Carlson-PhillipsA. National athletic trainers' association position statement: evaluation of dietary supplements for performance nutrition. J Athl Train.2013;48:124-136.
  • MolineroO, MárquezS. Use of nutritional supplements in sports: risks, knowledge, and behavioural-related factors. Nutr Hosp.2009;24(2):128-134.
  • DeLormeDE, HuhJ, ReidLN, AnS. Dietary supplement advertising in the US: a review and research agenda. Int J Advert.2012;31:547-477.
  • McDowallJA. Supplement use by young athletes. J Sport Sci Med.2007;6:337-342.
  • HoyteCO, AlbertD, HeardKJ. The use of energy drinks, dietary supplements, and prescription medications by United States college students to enhance athletic performance. J Commun Health.2013;38:575-580.
  • BoscoC, TihanyiJ, PucspkJ, et al. Effect of oral cratine supplementation on jumping and running performance. Int J Sport Med.1997;18:369-372.
  • BembenMG, LamontHS. Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: recent findings. Sport Med.2005;35(2):107-125.
  • WilliamsDM, AndersonES. Social cognitive predictors of creatine use versus non-use among male, undergraduate, recreational resistance trainers. J Sport Behav.2004;27(2):170-183.
  • JägerR, PurpuraM, ShaoA, InoueT, KreiderRB. Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and regulatory status of novel forms of creatine. Amino Acids.2011;40:1369-1383.
  • Sports nutrition and weight loss report. Nutr Bus J. NewHope360 Website. http://newhope360.com/site-files/newhope360.com/files/uploads/2013/05/SNWL_Executive%20Summary%20and%20ToC.pdf. Published 2013. Accessed March 18, 2014.
  • CooperR, NaclerioF, AllgroveJ, JimenezA. Creatine supplementation with specific view to exercise/sports performance: an update. J Int Soc Sport Nutr.2012;9:33.
  • GroeneveldGJ, BeijerC, VeldinkJH, KalmijnS, WokkeJH, van den BergLH. Few adverse effects of long-term creatine supplementation in a placebo-controlled trial. Int J Sport Med.2005;26:307-313.
  • LuigiLD. Supplements and the endocrine system in althletes. Clin Sport Med.2008;27:131-151.
  • PoortmansJR, FrancauxM. Adverse effects of creatine supplementation: fact or fiction?Sport Med.2000;30(3):155-170.
  • JuhnMS, TarnopolskyM. Potential side effects of oral creatine supplementation: a critical review. Clin J Sport Med.1998;8:298-304.
  • BaumeN, MahlerN, KamberM, ManginP, SaugyM. Research of stimulants and anabolic steroids in dietary supplements. Scand J Med Sci Sport.2006;16:41-48.
  • MetzlJD, SmallE, LevineSR, GershelJC. Creatine use among young athletes. Pediatrics.2001;108:421-425.
  • KoncicMZ, TomczykM. New insights into dietary supplements used in sport: active substances, pharmacological and side effects. Curr Drug Target.2013;14:1079-1092.
  • GoreT, BrackenC. Testing the theoretical design of a health risk message: reexamining the major tenets of the extended parallel process model. Health Educ Behav.2005;32:27-41.
  • RogersRW. A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. J Psychol.1975;91:93-114.
  • MadduxJE, RogersRW. Protection motivation and self-efficacy: a revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change. J Exp Soc Psychol.1983;19:469-479.
  • TannerJ, DayE, CraskM. Protection motivation theory: an extension of fear appeals theory in communication. J Bus Res.1989;19:267-276.
  • RosenstockIM. The health belief model and preventive health behavior. Health Educ Behav.1974;2:354-385.
  • BeckerMH, RadiusSM, RosenstockIM, DrachmanRH, SchuberthKC, TeetsKC. Compliance with a medical regimen for asthma: a test of the health belief model. Public Health Rep.1978;93:268-277.
  • StrecherVJ, RosenstockIM. The health belief model. In: GlenzK, LewisF, RimerB, eds. Health Behavior and Health Education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 1997;41-59.
  • WitteK. Fear control and danger control: a test of the extended parallel process model (EPPM). Commun Monogr.1994;61(2):113-132.
  • KellerAP, BlockLG. Increasing the persuasiveness of fear appeals: the effect of arousal and elaboration. J Consum Res.1996;22:448-459.
  • RogersRW. Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: a revised theory of protection motivation. In: CacioppoJT, PettyRE, eds. Social Psychophysiology: A Sourcebook. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1983;153-176.
  • MilneS, SheeranP, OrbellS. Prediction and intervention in health-related behavior: a meta-analytic review of protection motivation theory. J Appl Soc Psychol.2000;30:106-143.
  • YanY, Jacques-TiuraAJ, ChenaX, et al. Application of the protection motivation theory in predicting cigarette smoking among adolescents in China. Addict Behav.2014;39:181-188.
  • RogersRW, DecknerW, MewbornCR. An expectancy-value theory approach to the long-term modification of smoking behavior. J Clin Psychol.1978;34:562-566.
  • LwinMO, StanalandAJS, ChanD. Using protection motivation theory to predict condom usage and assess HIV health communication efficacy in Singapore. Health Commun.2010;25:69-79.
  • TannerJF, HuntJB, EpprightDR. The protection motivation model: a normative model of fear appeals. J Marketing.1991;55:36-45.
  • McMathBF, Prentice-DunnS. Protection motivation theory and skin cancer risk: the role of individual differences in responses to persuasive appeals. J Appl Soc Psychol.2005;35:621-643.
  • RippetoePA, RogersRW. Effects of components of protection-motivation theory on adaptive and maladaptive coping with a health threat. J Pers Soc Psychol.1987;52:596-604.
  • GreeningL, StoppelbeinL. Young driver's health attitudes and intentions to drink and drive. J Adolescent Health.2000;27:94-101.
  • CismaruM, LavackAM, MarkewichE. Social marketing campaigns aimed at preventing drunk driving: a review and recommendations. Int Market Rev.2009;26:292-311.
  • KutnerMH, NachtsheimC, NeterJ, LiW. Applied Linear Statistical Models. 5th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin; 2004.
  • TabachnickBG, FidellLS. Using Multivariate Statistics. 4th ed. New York, NY: Allyn & Bacon; 2000.
  • WattJH, van den BergS. Research Methods for Communication Science. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon; 1995.
  • HewgillMA, MillerGR. Source credibility and response to fear-arousing communications. Speech Monogr.1965;32:95-101.
  • BanduraA. Social Learning Theory. Eaglewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1977.
  • PlineKA, SmithCL. The effect of creatine intake on renal function. Ann Phamacotherapy.2005;39:1093-1096.
  • AjzenI, FishbeinM. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1980.
  • EisenbergME, WallM, ShimJJ, BrueningM, LothK, Neumark-SztainerD. Associations between friends' disordered eating and muscle-enhancing behaviors. Soc Sci Med.2012;75:2242-2249.
  • RogersEM, StoreyJD. Communication campaigns. In: BergerCR, ChaffeeSH, eds. Handbook of Communication Science. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1987;817-846.
  • GodboldLC, PfauM. Conferring resistance to peer pressure among adolescents. Commun Res.2000;27:411-437.
  • DavidsonES. Perceived continuing education needs and job relevance of health education competencies among health education and promotion practitioners in college health settings. J Am Coll Health.2008;57(2):197-209.
  • HoltropJS, PriceJH, BoardleyDJ. Public policy involvement by health educators. Am J Health Behav.2000;24(2):132-142.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.