References
- Carson V, Hunter S, Kuzik N, et al. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth: an update. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41(6 Suppl 3):S240–S265. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0630.
- Poitras VJ, Gray CE, Borghese MM, et al. Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41(6 Suppl 3):S197–239. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0663.
- Wu XY, Han LH, Zhang JH, Luo S, Hu JW, Sun K. The influence of physical activity, sedentary behavior on health-related quality of life among the general population of children and adolescents: a systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(11):e0187668. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187668.
- de GJW, Bosker RJ, Oosterlaan J, Visscher C, Hartman E. Effects of physical activity on executive functions, attention and academic performance in preadolescent children: a meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21(5):501–507. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.09.595.
- Janssen I, Leblanc AG. Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7(1):40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-40.
- Fogelholm M. Physical activity, fitness and fatness: relations to mortality, morbidity and disease risk factors. A systematic review. Obes Rev. 2010;11(3):202–221. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00653.x.
- Katzmarzyk PT, Friedenreich C, Shiroma EJ, Lee IM. Physical inactivity and non-communicable disease burden in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries. Br J Sports Med. 2022;56(2):101–106. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103640.
- Chaput JP, Willumsen J, Bull F, et al. WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour for children and adolescents aged 5–17 years: summary of the evidence. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):141.doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01037-z.
- Filho VC, Minatto G, Mota J, Silva KS, de Campos W, da Silva Lopes A. Promoting physical activity for children and adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: an umbrella systematic review: a review on promoting physical activity in LMIC. Prev Med. 2016;88:115–126. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.03.025.
- Gelius P, Messing S, Goodwin L, Schow D, Abu-Omar K. What are effective policies for promoting physical activity? A systematic review of reviews. Prev Med Rep. 2020;18:101095. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101095.
- Woods CB, Volf K, Kelly L, et al. The evidence for the impact of policy on physical activity outcomes within the school setting: a systematic review. J Sport Health Sci. 2021;10(3):263–276. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2021.01.006.
- Olstad DL, Campbell EJ, Raine KD, Nykiforuk CI. A multiple case history and systematic review of adoption, diffusion, implementation and impact of provincial daily physical activity policies in Canadian schools. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):385. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1669-6.
- Allison KR, Schoueri-Mychasiw N, Robertson J, Hobin E, Dwyer JJ, Manson H. Development and implementation of the Daily Physical Activity policy in Ontario, Canada: a retrospective analysis. Rev PhénEPS PHEnex J. 2014;6(3). https://ojs.acadiau.ca/index.php/phenex/article/view/1548. Accessed September, 20 2021.
- Nathan N, Elton B, Babic M, et al. Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of physical activity policies in schools: a systematic review. Prev Med. 2018;107:45–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.11.012.
- Allison KR, Philipneri AN, Vu-Nguyen K, et al. School and classroom effects on Daily Physical Activity (DPA) policy implementation fidelity in Ontario classrooms: a multi-level analysis. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):802. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5720-2.
- Stylianou M, Woodforde J, Duncombe S, Kolbe-Alexander T, Gomersall S. School physical activity policies and associations with physical activity practices and behaviours: a systematic review of the literature. Health Place. 2022;73:102705. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102705.
- Stone MR, Faulkner GEJ, Zeglen-Hunt L, Bonne JC. The Daily Physical Activity (DPA) policy in Ontario: is it working? an examination using accelerometry-measured physical activity data. Can J Public Health Rev Can Sante Publique. 2012;103(3):170–174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03403807.
- Guthold R, Cowan MJ, Autenrieth CS, Kann L, Riley LM. Physical activity and sedentary behavior among schoolchildren: a 34-country comparison. J Pediatr. 2010;157(1):43–49.e1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.01.019.
- da Costa BGG, da Silva KS, Bandeira AS, Martins CR, Vieira JAJ, Petroski EL. Pattern of sedentary behavior in different periods of school time of Brazilian adolescents. J Sch Health. 2019;89(2):99–105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12716.
- Egan CA, Webster CA, Beets MW, et al. Sedentary time and behavior during school: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Health Educ. 2019;50(5):283–290.doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2019.1642814.
- Hollis JL, Williams AJ, Sutherland R, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels in elementary school physical education lessons. Prev Med. 2016;86:34–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.11.018.
- da Costa BG, da Silva KS, Hino AA, Leal DB, Gripa LT, de Assis MAA. Context and intensity of primary school physical education classes in Brazilian schoolchildren. Mathews J Pediatr. 2016;1(1):1–6.
- Nettlefold L, McKay HA, Warburton DE, McGuire KA, Bredin SS, Naylor PJ. The challenge of low physical activity during the school day: at recess, lunch and in physical education. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(10):813–819. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.068072.
- Powell E, Woodfield LA, Nevill AA. Children’s physical activity levels during primary school break times: a quantitative and qualitative research design. Eur Phys Educ Rev. 2016;22(1):82–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X15591135.
- McKenzie TL, Lounsbery MA. The pill not taken: revisiting physical education teacher effectiveness in a public health context. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2014;85(3):287–292. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2014.931203.
- Brazendale K, Beets MW, Armstrong B, et al. Children’s moderate-to-vigorous physical activity on weekdays versus weekend days: a multi-country analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2021;18(1):28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01095-x.
- Grao-Cruces A, Velásquez-Romero MJ, Rodriguez-Rodríguez F. Levels of physical activity during school hours in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(13):4773. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134773.
- Tassitano RM, Weaver RG, Tenório MCM, Brazendale K, Beets MW. Physical activity and sedentary time of youth in structured settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):160. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01054-y.
- Brooke HL, Corder K, Atkin AJ, van Sluijs EMF. A systematic literature review with meta-analyses of within- and between-day differences in objectively measured physical activity in school-aged children. Sports Med Auckl NZ. 2014;44(10):1427–1438. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0215-5.
- Pulido Sánchez S, Iglesias Gallego D. Evidence-based overview of accelerometer-measured physical activity during school recess: an updated systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(2):578. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020578.
- da Costa BG, da Silva KS, da Silva JA, Minatto G, de Lima LR, Petroski EL. Sociodemographic, biological, and psychosocial correlates of light-and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity during school time, recesses, and physical education classes. J Sport Health Sci. 2019;8(2):177–182. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2017.05.002.
- Silva DR, Minderico CS, Pinto F, Collings PJ, Cyrino ES, Sardinha LB. Impact of a classroom standing desk intervention on daily objectively measured sedentary behavior and physical activity in youth. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21(9):919–924. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.01.007.
- Bauman AE, Reis RS, Sallis JF, Wells JC, Loos RJ, Martin BW. Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not? Lancet. 2012;380(9838):258–271. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60735-1.
- Clark AF, Wilk P, Gilliland JA. Comparing physical activity behavior of children during school between balanced and traditional school day schedules. J Sch Health. 2019;89(2):129–135. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12722.
- Colley RC, Tremblay MS. Moderate and vigorous physical activity intensity cut-points for the Actical accelerometer. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(8):783–789. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.557744.
- Bassett DR, Fitzhugh EC, Heath GW, et al. Estimated energy expenditures for school-based policies and active living. Am J Prev Med. 2013;44(2):108–113.doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.10.017.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Strategies to Improve the Quality of Physical Education. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office; 2010.
- Harris J; Association for Physical Education. Health Position Paper. https://www.afpe.org.uk/physical-education/afpe-2020-health-position-paper/. Published 2015. Accessed December 2, 2022.
- Ontario Public Service. The Ontario Curriculum, Grades 1-8: Health and Physical Education. http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/curriculum/elementary/health.html. Published 2019. Accessed December 2, 2022.
- Parrish AM, Chong KH, Moriarty AL, Batterham M, Ridgers ND. Interventions to change school recess activity levels in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med Auckl NZ. 2020;50(12):2145–2173. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01347-z.
- Health TLP. Time to tackle the physical activity gender gap. Lancet Public Health. 2019;4(8):e360. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30135-5.
- Masini A, Marini S, Gori D, Leoni E, Rochira A, Dallolio L. Evaluation of school-based interventions of active breaks in primary schools: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2020;23(4):377–384. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.10.008.
- Morton KL, Corder K, Suhrcke M, et al. School polices, programmes and facilities, and objectively measured sedentary time, LPA and MVPA: associations in secondary school and over the transition from primary to secondary school. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2016;13(54): https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0378-6.
- Altenburg TM, Chinapaw MJM, Singh AS. Effects of one versus two bouts of moderate intensity physical activity on selective attention during a school morning in Dutch primary schoolchildren: a randomized controlled trial. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;19(10):820–824. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.003.
- Bartholomew JB, Golaszewski NM, Jowers E, et al. Active learning improves on-task behaviors in 4th grade children. Prev Med. 2018;111:49–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.02.023.
- Weatherson KA, Gainforth HL, Jung ME. A theoretical analysis of the barriers and facilitators to the implementation of school-based physical activity policies in Canada: a mixed methods scoping review. Implement Sci. 2017;12(1):41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-017-0570-3.
- Brown KM, Elliot SJ. “It’s not as easy as just saying 20 minutes a day”: exploring teacher and principal experiences implementing a provincial physical activity policy. Univers J Public Health. 2015;3(2):71–83.doi:https://doi.org/10.13189/ujph.2015.030204.
- Sasaki JE, da Silva KS, da Costa BGG, John D. Measurement of physical activity using accelerometers. In: Computer-Assisted and Web-Based Innovations in Psychology, Special Education, and Health. Elsevier; 2016:33–60.
- Knowlden AP, Cottrell RR, Henderson J, et al. Health education specialist practice analysis II 2020: processes and outcomes. Health Educ Behav. 2020;47(4):642–651.doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198120926923.
- National Commission for Health Education Credentialling. Responsibilities & competencies. https://www.nchec.org/responsibilities-and-competencies. Accessed January 6, 2022.
- Silva DAS, Chaput JP, Katzmarzyk PT, et al. Physical education classes, physical activity, and sedentary behavior in children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50(5):995–1004. doi:https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001524.
- Guirado T, Chambonnière C, Chaput JP, Metz L, Thivel D, Duclos M. Effects of classroom active desks on children and adolescents’ physical activity, sedentary behavior, academic achievements and overall health: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(6):2828. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062828.