Mediated Political and Social Participation: Examining the Use of the Internet by Mongolian Government and Civil Society Institutions

REFERENCES

• Agre , P. E. 2002 . Real-time politics: The Internet and the political process . The Information Society , 18 : 311 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Applbaum , A. I. 2000 . “ Failure in the cybermarkerplace of ideas ” . In Governance.com: Democracy in the information age , Edited by: Kamarck , E. C. and Nye , J. S. 17 – 31 . Washington, DC : Brookings Institute Press .
   Google Scholar
• Asian Development Bank. (2003). Project performance audit report on the Telecommunications Project (Loan 1300-Mon [SF]) in Mongolia–Project Report http://www.adb.org/Documents/PPARs/MON/ppar_mon_26069.pdf (Accessed: 27 April 2004 ).
   Google Scholar
• AsiaWeek. (2001, August 24). Baby steps http://www.asiaweek.com (Accessed: 14 November 2005 ).
   Google Scholar
• Axford , B. and Huggins , R.. , eds. 2001 . New media and politics. , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Bellamy , C. and Taylor , J. 1998 . Governing in the information age , Buckingham, , England : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Best , S. J. and Krueger , B. S. 2005 . Analyzing the representativeness of Internet political participation . Political Behavior , 27 ( 2 ) : 183 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess , R. G. 1984 . In the field: An introduction to field research. , London : Allen and Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Center for Citizens' Alliance / ICSFD Ulaanbaatar Secretariat. (2005). State of civil society in Mongolia (2004–2005): CIVICUS civil society index report for Mongolia http://www.civicus.org/new/media/CSI_Mongolia_Country_Report.pdf (Accessed: 7 April 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Central Intelligence Agency. (2007). The world factbook: Mongolia. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/mg.html (Accessed: 3 April 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, S. & Kaposi, I. (2006). New democracies, new media: What's new? A study of e-participation projects in third-wave democracies http://www.ega.ee/handbook/ (Accessed: 14 August 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• Dahlgren , P. 2005 . The Internet, public sphere, and political communication: Dispersion and deliberation . Political Communication , 22 : 147 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean , J. 2003 . Why the net is not a public sphere . Constellations , 10 ( 1 ) : 95 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• DiMaggio , P. , Hargittai , E. , Celeste , C. and Shafer , S. 2004 . “ From unequal access to differentiated use: A literature review and agenda for research on digital inequality ” . In Social inequality , Edited by: Neckerman , K. 355 – 400 . New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Dimitrova , D. V. and Beilock , R. 2005 . Where freedom matters: Internet adoption among the former socialist countries . Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies , 67 ( 2 ) : 173 – 187 .
   Google Scholar
• Easterly , W. 2002 . The elusive quest for growth: Economists' adventures and misadventures in the tropics. , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Economist Intelligence Unit. (2005). Country profile 2005: Mongolia. http://www.eiu.com/report_dl.asp?issue_id=139144599 &mode=pdf (Accessed: 20 September 2005 ).
   Google Scholar
• Freedom House. (2006). Country Reports—Mongolia http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year= 2006&country=7020 (Accessed: 15 April 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Geertz , C. 1973 . The interpretation of culture , New York : Harper .
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg, T. B. (2005). Strengthening legislative research and analysis capacity of Mongolia's State Great Hural. Washington, DC: The Asia Foundation http://www.asiafoundation.org/pdf/Mongolia-strengthening.pdf (Accessed: 28 March 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• Habermas , J. 1989 . The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of a bourgeois society. , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hamelink , C. J. 2000 . The ethics of cyberspace. , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Hargittai , E. 2003 . “ The digital divide and what to do about it ” . In The new economy handbook , Edited by: Jones , D. C. 821 – 839 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hoff , J. , Horrock , I. and Tops , P.. , eds. 2000 . Democratic governance and new technology: Technologically mediated innovations in political practice in Western Europe , London and New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Holmes , L. 1997 . Post-communism: An introduction. , Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Howard , P. 2005 . Deep democracy, thin citizenship: The impact of digital media in political campaign strategy . The Annals of American Academy , January : 153 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen , M. J. , Danziger , J. N. and Venkatesh , A. 2007 . Civil society and cyber society: The role of the Internet in community associations and democratic politics . The Information Society , 23 : 39 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, C. (2003). Information networks: Investigating the information behavior of Mongolia's urban residents. Unpublished dissertation, University of Toronto.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplonski , C. 2004 . Truth, history and politics in Mongolia , London : RoutledgeCurzon .
   Google Scholar
• Kluver , R. and Banerjee , I. 2005 . The Internet in nine Asian nations . Information, Communication & Society , 8 ( 1 ) : 30 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Kolko , B. , Wei , C. and Spyridakis , J. H. 2003 . Internet use in Uzbekistan: Developing a methodology for tracking information technology implementation success . Internet Technologies and International Development , 1 ( 2 ) Winter. : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Levi-Strauss , C. 1963 . Structural Anthropology. , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Lim , M. 2003 . “ From real to virtual (and back again): Civil society, public sphere, and the Internet in Indonesia ” . In Asia.com: Asia encounters the Internet , Edited by: Ho , K. C. , Kluver , R. and Yang , K. C. C. 113 – 128 . London : RoutledgeCurzon .
   Google Scholar
• March , L. 2004 . Russian parties and the political Internet . Europe-Asia Studies , 56 ( 3 ) : 369 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolis , M. and Resnick , D. 2000 . Politics as usual: The cyberspace “revolution.” , Thousand Oaks : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Milner , H. 2006 . The digital divide: The role of political institutions in technology diffusion . Comparative Political Studies , 39 ( 2 ) : 176 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris , P. 2001 . Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide , Cambridge/New York : Cambridge UP .
   Google Scholar
• NTIA. (1999). Falling through the Net: Defining the digital divide http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fttn99/November (Accessed: 24 June 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Olsson , T. 2006 . Appropriating civic information and communication technology: A critical study of Swedish ICT policy vision . New Media & Society , 8 ( 4 ) : 611 – 627 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pajnik , M. 2005 . Citizenship and mediated society . Citizenship Studies , 9 ( 4 ) : 349 – 367 .
   Google Scholar
• Papcharissi , Z. 2004 . Democracy online: Civility, politeness, and the democratic potential of online political discussion groups . New Media & Society , 6 ( 2 ) : 259 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parliament of Mongolia. (2000). Concept of information and communication development of Mongolia by year 2010. Appendix of Resolution No. 21 http://www.ict.mn/midas/english/ section3/vision.html (Accessed: 10 March 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• Poster , M. 2001 . What's the matter with the Internet? , Minneapolis, MN : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , E. M. and Malhotra , S. 2000 . “ Computers as communication: The rise of digital democracy ” . In Digital democracy: Issues of theory and practice , Edited by: Hacker , K. L. and Van Dijk , J. 11 – 29 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Sanders , A. J. K. 1987 . Mongolia: politics, economics and society. , London : Frances Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Sparks , C. and Reading , A. 1998 . Communism, capitalism and the mass media , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Sunstein , C. R. 2001 . Republic.com , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , D. 2000 . “ James Madison on cyberdemocracy ” . In Governance.com: Democracy in the information age , Edited by: Kamarck , E. C. and Nye , J. S. 32 – 39 . Washington, DC : Brookings Institute Press .
   Google Scholar
• Transparency International. (2006). CPI Table http://www.transparency.org/news_room/in_focus/2006/cpi_2006_1/cpi_table (Accessed: 3 April 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Undrahbuyan, B. (2006). Internet content and use by civil society and governmental institutions in Mongolia: The situation in 2005. Unpublished Dissertation http://www.ohiolink. edu/ etd/view.cgi?acc_num=ohiou1 163524341 (Accessed: 9 April 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• United Nations' Millennium Indicators Database. (2006). Country Profile—Mongolia http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx (Accessed: 9 April 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijk , J. 2000 . “ Models of democracy and concepts of communication ” . In Digital democracy: Issues of theory and practice , Edited by: Hacker , K. L. and Van Dijk , J. 166 – 183 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Warschauer , M. 2003 . Technology and social inclusion , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wiklund , H. 2005 . A Habermasian analysis of the deliberative democratic potential of ICT-enabled services in Swedish municipalities . New Media & Society , 7 ( 2 ) : 247 – 270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , S. 2006a . Electrifying democracy? 10 years of policy and practice . Parliamentary Affairs. , 59 ( 2 ) : 236 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , S. 2006b . Government-run online discussion fora: Moderation, censorship, and the shadow of control . BJPIR , 8 : 550 – 568 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , J. 2002 . Will the government ‘serve the people’?: The development of Chinese E-government . New Media and Society , 4 ( 2 ) : 163 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zizek, S. (1999). The matrix, the two sides of perversion http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-1-9912/msg00019.htm (Accessed: 10 June 2006 ).
   Google Scholar