Interactivity and Political Attitude Formation

References

• Ahern , R. K. , Stromer-Galley , J. and Neuman , W. R. When voters can interact and compare candidates online: Experimentally investigating political web effects . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association . Acapulco, Mexico. June .
   Google Scholar
• Aroian , L. A. 1947 . The probability function of the product of two normally distributed variables . Annals of Mathematical Statistics , 18 ( 2 ) : 265 – 271 .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1997 . Self-efficacy: The exercise of control , New York : W.H. Freeman & Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 ( 6 ) : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessiere , K. , Ceaparu , I. , Lazar , J. , Robinson , J. and Shneiderman , B. 2004 . “ Social and psychological influences on computer user frustration ” . In Media access: Social and psychological dimensions of new technology use , Edited by: Bucy , E. P. and Newhagen , J. E. 91 – 103 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Bimber , B. and Davis , R. 2002 . The Internet in campaign 2000: How political Web sites reinforce partisan engagement (No. 5) , Santa Barbara : Center for Information Technology and Society, University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Bimber , B. and Davis , R. 2003 . Campaigning online: The Internet in U.S. elections , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bucy , E. P. 2004a . Interactivity in society: Locating an elusive concept . The Information Society , 20 ( 5 ) : 373 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucy , E. P. 2004b . “ The interactivity paradox: Closer to the news but confused ” . In Media access , Edited by: Bucy , E. P. and Newhagen , J. E. 47 – 72 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Bucy , E. P. 2004c . Second generation Net news: Interactivity and information accessibility in the online environment . International Journal on Media Management , 6 ( 1&2 ) : 102 – 113 .
   Google Scholar
• Bucy , E. P. and Affe , R. B. 2006 . “ The contributions of Net news to cyber democracy: Civic affordances of major metropolitan newspaper sites ” . In Internet newspapers: Making of a mainstream medium , Edited by: Li , X. 227 – 242 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Bucy , E. P. , D'Angelo , P. and Newhagen , J. E. 1999 . “ The engaged electorate: New media use as political participation ” . In The electronic election: Perspectives on 1996 campaign communication , Edited by: Kaid , L. L. and Bystrom , D. G. 335 – 347 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Bucy , E. P. and Gregson , K. S. 2001 . Media participation: A legitimizing mechanism of mass democracy . New Media and Society , 3 ( 3 ) : 359 – 382 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucy , E. P. and Newhagen , J. E. 1999 . The emotional appropriateness heuristic: Processing televised presidential reactions to the news . Journal of Communication , 49 ( 4 ) : 59 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucy , E. P. and Tao , C.-C. 2007 . The mediated moderation model of interactivity . Media Psychology , 9 ( 3 ) : 647 – 672 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challen , C. 2001 . Think global, talk local: Getting the party political message across in the age of the Internet . Journal of Public Affairs , 1 ( 3 ) : 254 – 265 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , Q. , Clifford , S. J. and Wells , W. D. 2002 . Attitude toward the site II: New information . Journal of Advertising Research , 42 ( 2 ) : 33 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , Q. , Griffith , D. A. and Shen , F. 2005 . The effects of interactivity on cross-channel communication effectiveness . Journal of Interactive Advertising , 5 ( 2 ) Retrieved July 28, 2006, from http://jiad.org/
   Google Scholar
• Chen , Q. and Wells , W. D. 1999 . Attitude toward the site . Journal of Advertising Research , 39 ( 5 ) : 27 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou , C. 2003 . Interactivity and interactive functions in Web-based learning systems: A technical framework for designers . British Journal of Educational Technology , 34 ( 3 ) : 265 – 279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung , H. and Zhao , X. 2004 . Effects of perceived interactivity on Web site preference and memory: Role of personal motivation . Journal of Computer Mediated Communication , 10 ( 1 ) Retrieved July 28, 2006, from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue11/chung.html
   Google Scholar
• Compeau , D. R. and Higgins , C. A. 1995 . Computer self-efficacy: Development of a measure and initial test . MIS Quarterly , 19 ( 2 ) : 189 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottingham , K. L , Lennon , J. T. and Brown , B. L. 2005 . Knowing when to draw the line: Designing more informative ecological experiments . Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , 3 ( 3 ) : 145 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastin , M. S. and LaRose , R. 2000 . Internet self-efficacy and the psychology of the digital divide . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 6 ( 1 ) Retrieved July 28, 2006, from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol6/issue1/eastin.html
   Google Scholar
• Ebersole , S. E. 1999 . Adolescents' use of the World Wide Web in ten public schools: A uses and gratifications approach , Virginia Beach, VA : Regent University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Endres , D. and Warnick , B. 2004 . Text-based interactivity in candidate campaign websites: A case study from the 2002 elections . Western Journal of Communication , 68 ( 3 ) : 322 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Fortin , D. R. and Dholakia , R. R. 2005 . Interactivity and vividness effects on social presence and involvement with a web-based advertisement . Journal of Business Research , 58 ( 3 ) : 387 – 396 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman , L. K. 1995 . The electronic republic: Reshaping democracy in the information age , New York : Penguin Books .
   Google Scholar
• Heeter , C. 2000 . Interactivity in the context of designed experiences . Journal of Interactive Advertising , 1 ( 1 ) Retrieved March 18, 2005, from http://jiad.org/vol2001/no2001/heeter/
   Google Scholar
• Hill , J. R. and Hannafin , M. J. 1997 . Cognitive strategies and learning from the World Wide Web . Educational Technology Research and Development , 45 ( 4 ) : 37 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstetter , C. R. , Zuniga , S. and Dozier , D. M. 2001 . Media self-efficacy: Validation of a new concept . Mass Communication and Society , 4 ( 1 ) : 61 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Jensen , J. F. 1998 . Interactivity: Tracking a new concept in media and communication studies . Nordicom Review , 19 ( 1 ) : 185 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , T. J. , Braima , M. A. M. and Sothirajah , J. 1999 . Doing the traditional media sidestep: Comparing the effects of the Internet and other nontraditional media with traditional media in the 1996 presidential campaign . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 76 ( 1 ) : 99 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd , C. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1981 . Process analysis: Estimating mediation in treatment evaluations . Evaluation Review , 5 ( 5 ) : 602 – 619 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiousis , S. 2002 . Interactivity: A concept explication . New Media & Society , 4 ( 3 ) : 355 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaRose , R. , Mastro , D. and Eastin , M. S. 2001 . Understanding Internet usage: A social-cognitive approach to uses and gratifications . Social Science Computer Review , 19 ( 4 ) : 395 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , J.-S. Interactivity: A new approach . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication . Phoenix, AZ. August .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , Y. 2003 . Developing a scale to measure the interactivity of websites . Journal of Advertising Research , 43 ( 2 ) : 207 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , Y. and Shrum , L. J. 2002 . What is interactivity and is it always such a good thing? Implications of definition, person, and situation for the influence of interactivity on advertising effectiveness . Journal of Advertising , 31 ( 4 ) : 53 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupia , A. and Baird , Z. 2003 . Can Web sites change citizens? Implications of Web, white and blue 2000 . PS: Political Science & Politics , 36 ( 1 ) : 77 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupia , A. and Philpot , T. S. 2005 . Views from inside the Net: How Websites affect young adults' political interest . Journal of Politics , 67 ( 4 ) : 1122 – 1142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon , D. P. and Dwyer , J. H. 1993 . Estimating mediated effects in prevention studies . Evaluation Review , 17 ( 2 ) : 144 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolis , M. and Resnick , D. 2000 . Politics as usual: The cyberspace “revolution.” , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Massey , B. L. and Levy , M. R. 1999 . Interactivity, online journalism, and English-language Web newspapers in Asia . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 76 ( 1 ) : 138 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrery , J. H. and Newhagen , J. E. 2004 . “ Conceptual elasticity of the public sphere: Tracking media and psychological determinants of access ” . In Media access: Social and psychological dimensions of new technology use , Edited by: Bucy , E. P. and Newhagen , J. E. 187 – 206 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• McMillan , S. J. 2002 . A four-part model of cyberinteractivity: Some cyber places are more interactive than others . New Media and Society , 4 ( 2 ) : 271 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan , S. J. and Hwang , J.-S. 2002 . Measures of perceived interactivity: An exploration of the role of direction of communication, user control, and time in shaping perceptions of interactivity . Journal of Advertising , 31 ( 3 ) : 29 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan , S. J. , Hwang , J.-S. and Lee , G. 2003 . Effects of structural and perceptual factors on attitudes toward the Website . Journal of Advertising Research , 43 ( 4 ) : 400 – 409 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohnkern , K. 1997 . Visual interaction design: Beyond the interface metaphor . SIGCHI Bulletin , 29 ( 2 ) Retrieved April 1, 2003, from http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1997.2/vid.html
   Google Scholar
• Morris , M. and Ogan , C. 1996 . The Internet as mass medium . Journal of Communication , 46 ( 1 ) : 39 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrision , M. A. 1998 . “ A look at interactivity from a consumer perspective ” . In Developments in marketing science , Edited by: Ford , J. B. and Honeycutt , J. E. J. D. vol. 21 , 149 – 154 . Norfolk, VA : Academy of Marketing Science .
   Google Scholar
• Newhagen , J. E. and Bucy , E. P. 2004 . “ Routes to media access ” . In Media access: Social and psychological dimensions of new technology use , Edited by: Bucy , E. P. and Newhagen , J. E. 3 – 23 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Newhagen , J. E. , Cordes , J. W. and Levy , M. R. 1995 . [email protected]: Audience scope and the perception of interactivity in viewer mail on the Internet . Journal of Communication , 45 ( 3 ) : 164 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman , D. A. 1998 . The invisible computer , Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Preacher , K. J. and Hayes , A. F. 2004 . SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers , 36 ( 4 ) : 717 – 731 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puopolo , S. T. 2001 . The Web and U.S. senatorial campaigns 2000 . American Behavioral Scientist , 44 ( 12 ) : 2030 – 2047 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafaeli , S. 1988 . “ Interactivity: From new media to communication ” . In Advancing communication science: Merging mass and interpersonal processes , Edited by: Hawkins , R. P. , Wiemann , J. M. and Pingree , S. 110 – 134 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Rainie , L. , Cornfield , M. and Horrigan , J. 2005 . The Internet and campaign 2004 , Washington, D.C. : Pew Internet & American Life Project . Retrieved July 22, 2006, from http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/150/report_display.asp
   Google Scholar
• Selnow , G. W. 1998 . Electronic whistle-stops: The impact of the Internet in American politics , Westport, CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Sims , R. 1997 . Interactivity: A forgotten art? Retrieved September 28, 2003, from http://www.gsu.edu/∼wwwitr/docs/interact/
   Google Scholar
• Smith , R. E. 1993 . Integrating information from advertising and trial: Processes and effects on consumer response to product information . Journal of Marketing Research , 30 ( 2 ) : 204 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , R. E. and Swinyard , W. R. 1982 . Information response model: An integrated approach . Journal of Marketing , 46 ( 1 ) : 81 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobel , M. E. 1982 . Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models . Sociological Methodology , 13 : 290 – 312 .
   Google Scholar
• Steuer , J. 1992 . Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence . Journal of Communication , 42 ( 4 ) : 73 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stromer-Galley , J. 2000 . Online interaction and why candidates avoid it . Journal of Communication , 50 ( 4 ) : 111 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stromer-Galley , J. and Foot , K. A. 2002 . Citizen perceptions of online interactivity and implications for political campaign communication . Journal of Computer Mediated Communication , 8 ( 1 ) Retrieved March 23, 2004, from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol2008/issue2001/stromerandfoot.html
   Google Scholar
• Sundar , S. S. 2000 . Multimedia effects on processing and perception of online news: A study of picture, audio, and video downloads . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 77 ( 3 ) : 480 – 499 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundar , S. S. , Hesser , K. M. , Kalyanaraman , S. and Brown , J. The effects of Website interactivity on political persuasion . Paper presented at the International Association for Media and Communication Research . Glasgow, UK. July .
   Google Scholar
• Sundar , S. S. , Kalyanaraman , S. and Brown , J. 2003 . Explicating Web site interactivity: Impression formation effects in political campaign sites . Communication Research , 30 ( 1 ) : 30 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trammell , K. D. , Williams , A. P. , Postelnicu , M. and Landreville , K. D. 2006 . Evolution of online campaigning: Increasing interactivity in candidate Web sites and blogs through text and technical features . Mass Communication & Society , 9 ( 1 ) : 21 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Tremayne , M. 2005 . Lessons learned from experiments with interactivity on the Web . Journal of Interactive Advertising , 5 ( 2 ) Retrieved December 28, 2005, from http://jiad.org/vol5/no2/tremayne/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Tremayne , M. and Dunwoody , S. 2001 . Interactivity, information processing, and learning on the World Wide Web . Science Communication , 23 ( 2 ) : 111 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorderer , P. 2000 . “ Interactive entertainment and beyond ” . In Media entertainment: The psychology of its appeal , Edited by: Zillmann , D. and Vorderer , P. 21 – 36 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Walther , J. B. , Gay , G. and Hancock , J. T. 2005 . How do communication and technology researchers study the Internet? . Journal of Communication , 55 ( 3 ) : 632 – 657 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warnick , B. , Xenos , M. , Endres , D. and Gastil , J. 2005 . Effects of campaign-to-user and text-based interactivity in political candidate campaign Web sites . Journal of Computer Mediated Communication , 10 ( 3 ) Retrieved July 28, 2006, from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue3/warnick.html
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , G. Perceived interactivity and attitude toward Website . Paper presented at the American Academy of Advertising . Albuquerque, NM.
   Google Scholar