References
- Aday , S. 2010 . Chasing the bad news: An analysis of 2005 Iraq and Afghanistan war coverage on NBC and Fox News Channel . Journal of Communication , 60 : 144 – 164 . doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01472
- Arthur, C. (2006, August 30). Top of the heap: Analysis of online search habits reveals that the first result - often a Wikipedia page - is by far the most popular. But, asks Charles Arthur, does that mean it's the right answer? The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2006/aug/31/searchengines.wikipedia (http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2006/aug/31/searchengines.wikipedia)
- Asal , V. and Harwood , P. G. 2008 . Airing grievances online: Search engine algorithms and the fate of minorities at risk . Journal of Information Technology & Politics , 4 : 3 – 17 . doi: 10.1080/19331680801915009
- Bar-Ilan , J. 2005 . Comparing rankings of search results on the Web . Information Processing & Management , 41 : 1511 – 1519 . doi: 10.1016/j.ipm.2005.03.008
- Bennett , W. L. 2007 . News: The politics of illusion , New York , NY : Pearson Longman .
- Benoit , P. J. and Benoit , W. L. 2005 . Criteria for evaluating political campaign Webpages . Southern Communication Journal , 70 : 230 – 247 . doi: 10.1080/10417940509373329
- Bimber , B. and Davis , R. 2003 . Campaigning online: The Internet in U.S. elections , Oxford , , England : Oxford University Press .
- Brundidge, J. (2010). Political discussion and news use in the contemporary public sphere: The “accessibility” and “traversability” of the Internet. Javnost–The Public, 17(2), 63–81. http://javnost-thepublic.org/article/2010/2/4/ (http://javnost-thepublic.org/article/2010/2/4/)
- Caldas , A. , Schroeder , R. , Mesch , G. S. and Dutton , W. H. 2008 . Patterns of information search and access on the World Wide Web: Democratizing expertise or creating new hierarchies? . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 13 : 769 – 793 . doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.00419.x
- comScore releases July 2008 U.S. search engine rankings. (2008, August 21). comScore [Press release]. http://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=2405 (http://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=2405)
- Dahlgren , P. 2001 . “ The public sphere and the net: Structure, space, and communication ” . In Mediated politics: Communication in the future of democracy (pp. 33–55) , Edited by: Bennett , W. L. and Entman , R. M. Cambridge , MA : Cambridge University Press .
- Dahlgren , P. 2005 . The Internet, public spheres, and political communication: Dispersion and deliberation . Political Communication , 22 : 147 – 162 . doi: 10.1080/10584600590933160
- Davis , S. 2005 . Presidential campaigns fine-tune online strategies . Journalism Studies , 6 : 241 – 244 . doi: 10.1080/14616700500057452
- Druckman , J. N. , Kifer , M. J. and Parkin , M. 2010 . Timeless strategy meets new medium: Going negative on congressional campaign Web sites, 2002–2006 . Political Communication , 27 : 88 – 103 . doi: 10.1080/10584600903502607
- Druckman , J. N. and Parkin , M. 2005 . The impact of media bias: How editorial slant affects voters . Journal of Politics , 67 : 1030 – 1049 . doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00349.x
- Endres , D. and Warnick , B. 2004 . Text-based interactivity in candidate campaign Web sites: A case study from the 2002 elections . Western Journal of Communication , 68 : 322 – 342 . doi: 10.1080/10570310409374804
- Eshbaugh-Soha , M. 2010 . The tone of local presidential news coverage . Political Communication , 27 : 121 – 140 . doi: 10.1080/10584600903502623
- Field , A. 2005 . Discovering statistics using SPSS , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications .
- Fogarty , B. J. 2005 . Determining economic news coverage . International Journal of Public Opinion Research , 17 : 149 – 172 . doi: 10.1093/ijpor/edh051
- Foot , K. A. and Schneider , S. M. 2006 . Web campaigning , Cambridge , MA : The MIT Press .
- Goldman , E. 2008 . “ Search engine bias and the demise of search engine utopianism ” . In Web search: Multidisciplinary perspectives , Edited by: Spink , A. and Zimmer , M. 121 – 133 . Berlin : Springer .
- Habermas , J. 1989 . The structural transformation of the public sphere , Boston : MIT Press .
- Hayes , A. F. 2005 . Statistical methods for communication science , Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
- Henzinger , M. 2007 . Search technologies for the Internet . Science , 317 : 468 – 471 . doi: 10.1126/science.1126557
- Hindman , M. 2009 . The myth of digital democracy , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
- Howard , P. H. 2006 . New media campaigns and the managed citizen , New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
- Internet activities. (2008, December). Pew Internet & American Life Project. http://www.pewinternet.org/Data-Tools/Download-Data/~/media/Infographics/Trend%20Data/January%202009%20updates/Internet%20Activities%20-%20all%20-%201%206%2009.jpg (http://www.pewinternet.org/Data-Tools/Download-Data/~/media/Infographics/Trend%20Data/January%202009%20updates/Internet%20Activities%20-%20all%20-%201%206%2009.jpg)
- Introna , L. D. and Nissenbaum , H. 2000 . Shaping the Web: Why the politics of search engines matters . Information Society , 16 : 169 – 185 . doi: 10.1080/01972240050133634
- Iyengar , S. 1991 . Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues , Chicago , IL : The University of Chicago Press .
- Jansen , B. J. and Spink , A. 2006 . How are we searching the World Wide Web? A comparison of nine search engine transaction logs . Information Processing & Management , 42 : 248 – 263 . doi: 10.1016/j.ipm.2004.10.007
- Jansen , B. J. , Spink , A. and Saracevic , T. 2000 . Real life, real users, and real needs: A study and analysis of user queries on the Web . Information Processing & Management , 36 : 207 – 227 . doi: 10.1016/S0306-4573(99)00056-4
- Johnson , T. J. and Kaye , B. K. 2003 . A boost or bust for democracy? How the Web influenced political attitudes and behaviors in the 1996 and 2000 presidential elections . Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics , 8 : 9 – 34 . doi: 10.1177/1081180X03008003002
- Kaye, K. (2009, January 6). Google grabbed most of Obama's $16 million in 2008. ClickZ. http://www.clickz.com/clickz/news/1703163/google-grabbed-most-obamas-usd16-million-2008 (http://www.clickz.com/clickz/news/1703163/google-grabbed-most-obamas-usd16-million-2008)
- Krippendorff , K. 2004 . Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology , 2nd , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications .
- Latimer , C. P. 2008 . Utilizing the Internet as a campaign tool: The relationship between incumbency, political party affiliation, election outcomes, and the quality of campaign Web sites in the United States . Journal of Information Technology & Politics , 4 : 81 – 95 . doi: 10.1080/1933168001915074
- Lawrence , S. and Giles , C. L. 1998 . Searching the World Wide Web . Science , 280 : 98 – 100 . doi: 10.1126/science.280.5360.98
- McCombs , M. and Shaw , D. 1972 . The agenda-setting function of mass media . Public Opinion Quarterly , 36 : 176 – 187 . doi: 10.1086/267990
- McKee , A. 2005 . The public sphere: An introduction , Cambridge , MA : Cambridge University Press .
- McKeown , C. A. and Plowman , K. D. 1999 . Reaching publics on the Web during the 1996 presidential campaign . Journal of Public Relations Research , 11 : 321 doi: 10.1207/s1532754xjprr1104_03
- “Miserable failure” links to Bush. (2003, December 7). BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3298443.stm (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3298443.stm)
- Miller, M. (2012, March 26). 3 more studies examine Wikipedia's page 1 Google rankings. Search Engine Watch. http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2163432/3-More-Studies-Examine-Wikipedias-Page-1-Google-Rankings (http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2163432/3-More-Studies-Examine-Wikipedias-Page-1-Google-Rankings)
- Mowshowitz , A. and Kawaguchi , A. 2002 . Assessing bias in search engines . Information Processing & Management , 38 : 141 – 156 . doi: 10.1016/S0306-4573(01)00020-6
- Mowshowitz , A. and Kawaguchi , A. 2005 . Measuring search engine bias . Information Processing & Management , 41 : 1193 – 1205 . doi: 10.1016/j.ipm.2004.05.005
- Mutz , D. C. 2006 . Hearing the other side: Deliberative versus participatory democracy , New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
- Pan , B. , Hembrooke , H. , Joachims , T. , Lorigo , L. , Gary , G. and Granka , L. 2007 . In Google we trust: Users' decisions on rank, position, and relevance . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 12 : 801 – 823 . doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00351.x
- Pariser , E. 2011 . The filter bubble: What the internet is hiding from you , New York , NY : The Penguin Press .
- Pollard , T. D. , Chesebro , J. W. and Studinski , D. P. 2009 . The role of the Internet in presidential campaigns . Communication Studies , 60 : 574 – 588 . doi: 10.1080/10510970903260418
- Reese , S. D. 2010 . “ Finding frames in a web of culture: The case of the war on terror ” . In Doing news framing analysis: Empirical and theoretical perspectives , Edited by: 'Angelo , P. D and Kuypers , J. A. 17 – 42 . New York , NY : Routledge .
- Rothbaum , F. , Martland , N. and Jannsen , J. B. 2008 . Parents' reliance on the Web to find information about children and families: Socio-economic differences in use, skills and satisfaction . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 29 : 118 – 128 . doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2007.12.002
- Scharl , A. and Weichselbraun , A. 2008 . An automated approach to investigating the online media coverage of U.S. presidential elections . Journal of Information Technology & Politics , 5 : 121 – 132 . doi: 10.1080/19331680802149582
- Scheufele , D. A. , Hardy , B. W. , Brossard , D. , Waismel-Manor , I. S. and Nisbet , E. 2006 . Democracy based on difference: Examining the links between structural heterogeneity, heterogeneity of discussion networks, and democratic citizenship . Journal of Communication , 56 : 728 – 753 . doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00317.x
- Smith, A. (2009, April 15). The Internet's role in campaign 2008. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1192/internet-politics-campaign-2008 (http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1192/internet-politics-campaign-2008)
- Souley , B. and Wicks , R. H. 2005 . Tracking the 2004 presidential campaign Web sites: Similarities and differences . American Behavioral Scientist , 49 : 535 – 547 . doi: 10.1177/0002764205279434
- Spink , A. , Jansen , B. J. , Kathuria , V. and Koshman , S. 2006 . Overlap among major Web search engines . Internet Research , 16 : 419 – 426 . doi: 10.1108/10662240610690034
- Steel, E., & Vranica, S. (2008, August 28). McCain seems to have Obama beat in one arena: Campaign buys rights to top search results on key election terms. The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121988099541678063.html?mod=hps_us_inside_today (http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121988099541678063.html?mod=hps_us_inside_today)
- Stroud , N. J. 2011 . Niche news: The politics of news choice , New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
- Sudulich , M. L. and Wall , M. 2010 . “Every little helps”: Cyber-campaigning in the 2007 Irish general election . Journal of Information Technology & Politics , 7 : 340 – 355 . doi: 10.1080/19331680903473485
- Sullivan, D. (2007, April 26). What Is Google PageRank? A guide for searchers & Webmasters. Search Engine Land. http://searchengineland.com/what-is-google-pagerank-a-guide-for-searchers-webmasters-11068 (http://searchengineland.com/what-is-google-pagerank-a-guide-for-searchers-webmasters-11068)
- Sullivan, D. (2009, December 4). Google now personalizes everyone's results. Search Engine Land. http://searchengineland.com/google-now-personalizes-everyones-search-results-31195 (http://searchengineland.com/google-now-personalizes-everyones-search-results-31195)
- Trammell , K. D. , Williams , A. P. , Postelnicu , M. and Landreville , K. D. 2006 . Evolution of online campaigning: Increasing interactivity in candidate Web sites and blogs through text and technical features . Mass Communication & Society , 9 : 21 – 44 . doi: 10.1207/s15327825mcs0901_2
- Van Couvering , E. 2008 . “ The history of the Internet search engine: Navigational media and the traffic commodity ” . In Web search; multidisciplinary perspectives , Edited by: Spink , A. and Zimmer , M. 177 – 206 . Berlin , , Germany : Springer .
- Wicks , R. H. and Souley , B. 2003 . Going negative: Candidate usage of Internet Web sites during the 2000 presidential campaign . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 80 : 128 – 144 . doi: 10.1177/107769900308000109
- Wirth , W. , Böcking , T. , Karnowski , V. and Von Pape , T. 2007 . Heuristic and systematic use of search engines . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 12 : 778 – 800 . doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00350.x
- Xenos , M. A. and Foot , K. A. 2005 . Politics as usual, or politics unusual? Position taking and dialogue on campaign Websites in the 2002 U.S. Elections . Journal of Communication , 55 : 169 – 185 . doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02665.x
- Zeller , T. J. 2006 . Gaming the search engine, in a political season . The New York Times , November 6 : C3