388
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Government websites as data: a methodological pipeline with application to the websites of municipalities in the United States

References

  • Annau, M., Kohlschuetter, C., & Clark, A. (2015). boilerpipeR: Interface to the boilerpipe java library. R package version, 1.3.
  • Armstrong, C. L. (2011). Providing a clearer view: An examination of transparency on local government websites. Government Information Quarterly, 28(1), 11–16. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2010.07.006
  • Benoit, K., & Matsuo, A. (2018). spacyr: Wrapper to the ‘spaCy’ ‘NLP’ library. R package version 1.0.
  • Benoit, K., & Obeng, A. (2019). readtext: Import and handling for plain and formatted text files. R package version 0.74.
  • Benoit, K., Watanabe, K., Wang, H., Nulty, P., Obeng, A., Müller, S., & Matsuo, A. (2018). quanteda: An r package for the quantitative analysis of textual data. Journal of Open Source Software, 3(30), 774. doi:10.21105/joss.00774
  • Bisong, E. (2019). Google colaboratory. In Building machine learning and deep learning models on google cloud platform (pp. 59–64). Apress, Ottowa, CA: Springer.1484244702, ISBN: 9781484244708.
  • Brown, L. T., Jr. (2017). Different lyrics, same song: Watts, ferguson, and the stagnating effect of the politics of law and order. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 52, 305.
  • Coyle, D., & Nguyen, D. (2020). No plant, no problem? factoryless manufacturing, economic measurement and national manufacturing policies. Review of International Political Economy, 1–21. doi:10.1080/09692290.2020.1778502
  • Cryer, J. (2019). Navigating identity in campaign messaging: The influence of race & gender on strategy in us congressional elections. In 2019 National Conference of Black Political Scientists (NCOBPS) Annual Meeting. Baton Rouge, LA.
  • de Benedictis-Kessner, J., & Warshaw, C. (2016). Mayoral partisanship and municipal fiscal policy. The Journal of Politics, 78(4), 1124–1138. doi:10.1086/686308
  • Denny, M. J., & Spirling, A. (2018). Text preprocessing for unsupervised learning: Why it matters, when it misleads, and what to do about it. Political Analysis, 26(2), 168–189. doi:10.1017/pan.2017.44
  • Dolson, J., & Young, R. (2012). Explaining variation in the e-government features of municipal websites: An analysis of e-content, e-participation, and social media features in Canadian municipal websites. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 21(2), 1–24.
  • Druckman, J. N., Hennessy, C. L., Kifer, M. J., & Parkin, M. (2010). Issue engagement on congressional candidate web sites, 2002–2006. Social Science Computer Review, 28(1), 3–23. doi:10.1177/0894439309335485
  • Druckman, J. N., Kifer, M., & Parkin, M. (2009). Campaign communications in U.S. congressional elections. American Political Science Review, 103(3), 343–366. doi:10.1017/S0003055409990037
  • Einstein, K. L., & Glick, D. M. (2016). Mayors, partisanship, and redistribution: Evidence directly from us mayors. Urban Affairs Review, 54(1) , 74–106. 1078087416674829.
  • Einstein, K. L., & Glick, D. M. (2018). Mayors, partisanship, and redistribution: Evidence directly from U.S. mayors. Urban Affairs Review, 54(1), 74–106. doi:10.1177/1078087416674829
  • Einstein, K. L., Godinez Puig, L., & Piston, S. (2021). The pictures in their heads: How U.S. mayors think about racial inequality. Urban Affairs Review, 57(3), 611–642. doi:10.1177/1078087420908653
  • Einstein, K. L., & Kogan, V. (2015). Pushing the city limits: Policy responsiveness in municipal government. Urban Affairs Review, 52(1) , 3–32.
  • Eschenfelder, K. R., Beachboard, J. C., McClure, C. R., & Wyman, S. K. (1997). Assessing U.S. federal government websites. Government Information Quarterly, 14(2), 173–189. doi:10.1016/S0740-624X(97)90018-6
  • Esterling, K. M., Lazer, D. M., & Neblo, M. A. (2011). Representative communication: Web site interactivity and distributional path dependence in the U.S. congress. Political Communication, 28(4), 409–439. doi:10.1080/10584609.2011.616875
  • Feeney, M. K., & Brown, A. (2017). Are small cities online? Content, ranking, and variation of U.S. municipal websites. Government Information Quarterly, 34(1), 62–74. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2016.10.005
  • Formicola, J., Segers, M., & Weber, P. (2003). Faith-based initiatives and the bush administration: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Washington, DC: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Fowler, E. F., Franz, M. M., Martin, G. J., Peskowitz, Z., & Ridout, T. N. (2021). Political advertising online and offline. American Political Science Review, 115(1), 130–149. doi:10.1017/S0003055420000696
  • Gerber, E. R., & Hopkins, D. J. (2011). When mayors matter: Estimating the impact of mayoral partisanship on city policy. American Journal of Political Science, 55(2), 326–339. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00499.x
  • Grimmelikhuijsen, S. G., & Welch, E. W. (2012). Developing and testing a theoretical framework for computer-mediated transparency of local governments. Public Administration Review, 72(4), 562–571. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02532.x
  • Grimmelikhuijsen, S. G. (2010). Transparency of public decision-making: Towards trust in local government? Policy & Internet, 2(1), 5–35. doi:10.2202/1944-2866.1024
  • Holzer, M., & Manoharan, A. (2016). Digital governance in municipalities worldwide (2015-2016): Seventh global e-governance survey: A longitudinal assessment of municipal websites throughout the world. E-Governance Institute, National Center for Public Performance, Rutgers University.
  • Jeffres, L. W., & Lin, C. A. (2006). Metropolitan websites as urban communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(4), 957–980. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00303.x
  • Kaylor, C., Deshazo, R., & Van Eck, D. (2001). Gauging e-government: A report on implementing services among American cities. Government Information Quarterly, 18(4), 293–307. doi:10.1016/S0740-624X(01)00089-2
  • Klüver, H., & Mahoney, C. (2015). Measuring interest group framing strategies in public policy debates. Journal of Public Policy, 35(2), 223–244. doi:10.1017/S0143814X14000294
  • Kohlschütter, C., Fankhauser, P., & Nejdl, W. (2010). Boilerplate detection using shallow text features. In Proceedings of the third ACM international conference on Web search and data mining (WSDM '10). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. (pp. 441–450). https://doi.org/10.1145/1718487.1718542
  • Marion, N. E., & Oliver, W. M. (2013). When the mayor speaks… mayoral crime control rhetoric in the top U.S. cities. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 24(4), 473–491. doi:10.1177/0887403412446993
  • Marschall, M., & Shah, P. (2013). Local elections in america project. Center for local elections in American politics. Kinder Institute for Urban Research, Rice University. ( Database).
  • McNutt, K. (2010). Virtual policy networks: Where all roads lead to Rome. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue Canadienne De Science Politique, 43(4), 915–935. doi:10.1017/S0008423910000752
  • Mossey, S., Bromberg, D., & Manoharan, A. P. (2019). Harnessing the power of mobile technology to bridge the digital divide: A look at U.S. cities’ mobile government capability. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 16(1), 52–65. doi:10.1080/19331681.2018.1552224
  • Norris, P. (2003). Preaching to the Converted?: Pluralism, participation and party websites. Party Politics, 9(1), 21–45. doi:10.1177/135406880391003
  • Ooms, J. (2018). hunspell: High-performance stemmer, tokenizer, and spell checker. R package version 3.0.
  • Osman, I. H., Anouze, A. L., Irani, Z., Al-Ayoubi, B., Lee, H., Balc, A., … Weerakkody, V. (2014). Cobra framework to evaluate e-government services: A citizen-centric perspective. Government Information Quarterly, 31(2), 243–256. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2013.10.009
  • Roberts, M. E., Stewart, B. M., Tingley, D., Lucas, C., Leder-Luis, J., Gadarian, S. K., … Rand, D. G. (2014). Structural topic models for open-ended survey responses. American Journal of Political Science, 58(4), 1064–1082. doi:10.1111/ajps.12103
  • Rudis, B., Zoulas, C., Rullgard, M., & Ong, J. (2016). wand: Retrieve ‘magic’ attributes from files and directories. R package version 0.2.0.
  • Saperstein, D. (2003). Public accountability and faith-based organizations: A problem best avoided. Harvard Law Review, 116(5), 1353–1396. doi:10.2307/1342729
  • Sebök, M., & Kacsuk, Z. (2021). The multiclass classification of newspaper articles with machine learning: The hybrid binary snowball approach. Political Analysis, 29(2), 236–249. doi:10.1017/pan.2020.27
  • Sorens, J. (2018). The effects of housing supply restrictions on partisan geography. Political Geography 66, 66, 44–56. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.07.007
  • Stanyer, J. (2008). Elected representatives, online self-presentation and the personal vote:Party, personality and webstyles in the United States and United Kingdom. Information, Communication & Society, 11(3), 414–432. doi:10.1080/13691180802025681
  • Sumner, J. L., Farris, E. M., & Holman, M. R. (2020). Crowdsourcing reliable local data. Political Analysis, 28(2), 244–262. doi:10.1017/pan.2019.32
  • Therriault, A. (2010). Taking campaign strategy online: Using candidate websites to advance the study of issue emphases. APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper. Washington, DC, 1–23, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1643374.
  • Thomas, J. C., & Streib, G. (2003). The new face of government: Citizen-initiated contacts in the era of e-government. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 13(1), 83–102. doi:10.1093/jpart/mug010
  • Tolbert, C. J., Mossberger, K., & McNeal, R. (2008). Institutions, policy innovation, and e-government in the American states. Public Administration Review, 68(3), 549–563. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.00890.x
  • Urban, F. (2002). Small town, big website? Cities and their representation on the internet. Cities, 19(1), 49–59. doi:10.1016/S0264-2751(01)00045-2
  • Valdez, D., Pickett, A. C., & Goodson, P. (2018). Topic modeling: Latent semantic analysis for the social sciences. Social Science Quarterly, 99(5), 1665–1679. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12528
  • Wang, L., Bretschneider, S., & Gant, J. (2005). Evaluating web-based e-government services with a citizen-centric approach. In Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. (pp.129b–129b). doi:10.1109/HICSS.2005.252. .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.