Does the tail wag the dog? How the structure of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor affects prion formation

REFERENCES

• Stahl N, Borchelt DR, Hsiao K, Prusiner SB. Scrapie prion protein contains a phosphatidylinositol glycolipid. Cell 1987; 51:229-40; PMID:2444340; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(87)90150-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl N, Baldwin MA, Hecker R, Pan KM, Burlingame AL, Prusiner SB. Glycosylinositol phospholipid anchors of the scrapie and cellular prion proteins contain sialic acid. Biochem 1992; 31:5043-53; PMID:1350920; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00136a600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bate C, Nolan W, Williams A. Sialic acid on the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor regulates PrP-mediated cell signalling and prion formation. J Biol Chem 2015; 291(1):160-70; PMID:26553874; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M115.672394
   Google Scholar
• Bueler H, Aguzzi A, Sailer A, Greiner RA, Autenried P, Aguet M, Weissmann C. Mice devoid of PrP are resistant to scrapie. Cell 1993; 73:1339-47; PMID:8100741; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(93)90360-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taraboulos A, Scott M, Semenov A, Avrahami D, Laszlo L, Prusiner SB. Cholesterol depletion and modification of COOH-terminal targeting sequence of the prion protein inhibit formation of the scrapie isoform. J Cell Biol 1995; 129:121-32; PMID:7698979; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.129.1.121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor DR, Hooper NM. The prion protein and lipid rafts Mol Membr Biol 2006; 23:89-99; PMID:16611584; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687860500449994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pike LJ. Lipid rafts: heterogeneity on the high seas. Biochem J 2004; 378:281-92; PMID:14662007; http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20031672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bate C, Williams A. Neurodegeneration induced by the clustering of sialylated glycosylphosphatidylinositols of prion proteins. JBiolChem 2012; 287:7935-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson RGW, Jacobson K. A Role for Lipid Shells in Targeting Proteins to Caveolae, Rafts, and Other Lipid Domains. Science 2002; 296:1821-5; PMID:12052946; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1068886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homans SW, Ferguson MA, Dwek RA, Rademacher TW, Anand R, Williams AF. Complete structure of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol membrane anchor of rat brain Thy-1 glycoprotein. Nature 1988; 19; 333:269-72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/333269a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugger B, Graham C, Leibrecht I, Mombelli E, Jen A, Wieland F, Morris R. The membrane domains occupied by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored prion protein and Thy-1 differ in lipid composition. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:7530-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bate C, Tayebi M, Diomede L, Salmona M, Williams A. Glimepiride Reduces the Expression of PrPC, Prevents PrPSc Formation and Protects against Prion Mediated Neurotoxicity. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8221; PMID:20011040; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantu L, Del Favero E, Sonnino S, Prinetti A. Gangliosides and the multiscale modulation of membrane structure. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:796-810; PMID:21946022; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slotte JP. Sphingomyelin-cholesterol interactions in biological and model membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 1999; 102:13-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown DA, London E. Structure and Function of Sphingolipid- and Cholesterol-rich Membrane Rafts. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:17221-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons M, Friedrichson T, Schulz JB, Pitto M, Masserini M, Kurzchalia TV. Exogenous administration of gangliosides displaces GPI-anchored proteins from lipid microdomains in living cells. Mol Biol Cell 1999; 10:3187-96; PMID:10512859; http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.10.10.3187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagafuku M, Kabayama K, Oka D, Kato A, Tani-ichi S, Shimada Y, Ohno-Iwashita Y, Yamasaki S, Saito T, Iwabuchi K, et al. Reduction of glycosphingolipid levels in lipid rafts affects the expression state and function of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins but does not impair signal transduction via the T cell receptor. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:51920-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvan C, Camoletto PG, Dotti CG, Aguzzi A, Dolores Ledesma M. Proper axonal distribution of PrPC depends on cholesterol-sphingomyelin-enriched membrane domains and is developmentally regulated in hippocampal neurons. Mol Cell Neuro Sci 2005; 30:304-15; PMID:16139509; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2005.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiff E, Campana V, Tivodar S, Lebreton S, Gousset K, Zurzolo C. Coexpression of wild-type and mutant prion proteins alters their cellular localization and partitioning into detergent-resistant membranes. Traffic 2008; 9:1101-15; PMID:18410485; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00746.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg S, Shvartsman DE, Ehrlich M, Henis YI. Clustering of Raft-Associated Proteins in the External Membrane Leaflet Modulates Internal Leaflet H-Ras Diffusion and Signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:7190-200; PMID:16980621; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.01059-06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gri G, Molon B, Manes S, Pozzan T, Viola A. The inner side of T cell lipid rafts. Immunol Lett 2004; 94:247-52; PMID:15275973; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2004.05.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bate C, Reid S, Williams A. Phospholipase A2 inhibitors or platelet-activating factor antagonists prevent prion replication. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:36405-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bate C, Tayebi M, Williams A. Sequestration of free cholesterol in cell membranes by prions correlates with cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 activation. BMC Biol 2008; 6:8; PMID:18269734; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-6-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianco ID, Fidelio GD, Maggio B. Modulation of phospholipase A2 activity by neutral and anionic glycosphingolipids in monolayers. Biochem J 1989; 258:95-9; PMID:2930519; http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2580095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang HC, Farooqui AA, Horrocks LA. Effects of glycosaminoglycans and glycosphingolipids on cytosolic phospholipases A2 from bovine brain. Biochem J 1994; 299:91-5; PMID:8166664; http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2990091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar