2,844
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Perspective

The Priority position paper: Protecting Europe's food chain from prions

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 165-181 | Received 05 Feb 2016, Accepted 01 Apr 2016, Published online: 24 May 2016

REFERENCES

  • Maheshwari A, Fischer M, Gambetti P, Parker A, Ram A, Soto C, Concha-Marambio L, Cohen Y, Belay ED, Maddox RA, et al. Recent US Case of Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease-Global Implications. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:750-9; PMID:25897712
  • http://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/official-disease-status/bse/en-bse-carte/ (Accessed January 23, 2016).
  • Wilesmith JW, Wells GA, Cranwell MP, Ryan JB. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: epidemiological studies. Vet Rec 1988; 123:638-44; PMID:3218047
  • Aguzzi A, Polymenidou M. Mammalian prion biology: one century of evolving concepts. Cell 2004; 116:313-27; PMID:14744440
  • Anonymous. Commission Regulation (EU) No 1148/2014 of 28 October 2014 amending Annexes II, VII, VIII, IX and X to Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down rules for the prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Off J Eur Union 2014; L308:66-79.
  • Collinge J, Whitfield J, McKintosh E, Frosh A, Mead S, Hill AF, Brandner S, Thomas D, Alpers MP. A clinical study of kuru patients with long incubation periods at the end of the epidemic in Papua New Guinea. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:3725-39; PMID:18849289
  • Will R. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Folia Neuropathol 2004; 42(Suppl A):77-83; PMID:15449462
  • Bishop MT, Diack AB, Ritchie DL, Ironside JW, Will RG, Manson JC. Prion infectivity in the spleen of a PRNP heterozygous individual with subclinical variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Brain 2013; 136(Pt 4):1139-45; PMID:23449776
  • Peden AH, Head MW, Ritchie DL, Bell JE, Ironside JW. Preclinical vCJD after blood transfusion in a PRNP codon 129 heterozygous patient. Lancet 2004; 364:527-9; PMID:15302196
  • Gill ON, Spencer Y, Richard-Loendt A, Kelly C, Dabaghian R, Boyes L, Linehan J, Simmons M, Webb P, Bellerby P, et al. Prevalent abnormal prion protein in human appendixes after bovine spongiform encephalopathy epizootic: large scale survey. BMJ 2013; 347:f5675; PMID:24129059
  • Douet JY, Zafar S, Perret-Liaudet A, Lacroux C, Lugan S, Aron N, Cassard H, Ponto C, Corbière F, Torres JM, et al. Detection of infectivity in blood of persons with variant and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20(1):114-7; PMID:24377668
  • Houston F, McCutcheon S, Goldmann W, Chong A, Foster J, Sisó S, González L, Jeffrey M, Hunter N. Prion diseases are efficiently transmitted by blood transfusion in sheep. Blood 2008; 112(12):4739-45; PMID:18647958
  • Llewelyn CA, Hewitt PE, Knight RS, Amar K, Cousens S, Mackenzie J, Will RG. Possible transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by blood transfusion. Lancet 2004; 363:417-21; PMID:14962520
  • Konold T, Bone G, Vidal-Diez A, Tortosa R, Davis A, Dexter G, Hill P, Jeffrey M, Simmons MM, Chaplin MJ, et al. Pruritus is a common feature in sheep infected with the BSE agent. BMC Vet Res 2008; 29:4-6.
  • Tranulis MA, Benestad SL, Baron T, Kretzschmar H. Atypical prion diseases in humans and animals. Top Curr Chem 2011; 305:23-50; PMID:21598097
  • Prusiner SB. Prions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95:13363-83; PMID:9811807
  • Aguzzi A, Calella AM. Prions: protein aggregation and infectious diseases. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:1105-52; PMID:19789378; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00006.2009
  • Wille H, Bian W, McDonald M, Kendall A, Colby DW, Bloch L, Ollesch J, Borovinskiy AL, Cohen FE, Prusiner SB, et al. Natural and synthetic prion structure from X-ray fiber diffraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106:16990-5; PMID:19805070; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909006106
  • Vázquez-Fernández E, Vos M, Cebey L, Renault L, Sevillano A, Peters PJ, Fernández JJ, Young H, Wille H, Requena JR. Recent advances towards an understanding of the structure of PrPSc. Prion 2014; 8(Supplement 1):6 ( abstract).
  • Vázquez-Fernández E, Alonso J, Pastrana MA, Ramos A, Stitz L, Vidal E, Dynin I, Petsch B, Silva CJ, Requena JR. Structural Organization of Mammalian Prions as Probed by Limited Proteolysis. PLoS One 2012; 7(11):e50111; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050111
  • Richardson, JS; D. C. Richardson, Natural β-sheet proteins use negative design to avoid edge-to-edge aggregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99:2754-9; PMID:11880627; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.052706099
  • Bryan AW Jr, Starner-Kreinbrink JL, Hosur R, Clark PL, Berger B. Structure-based prediction reveals capping motifs that inhibit β-helix aggregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108:11099-104; PMID:21685332; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1017504108
  • Giachin G, Biljan I, Ilc G, Plavec J, Legname G. Probing early misfolding events in prion protein mutants by NMR spectroscopy. Molecules 2013; 18(8):9451-76; PMID:23966072; http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules18089451
  • Ashe KH, Aguzzi A. Prions, prionoids and pathogenic proteins in Alzheimer disease. Prion 2013; 7:55-9; PMID:23208281; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/pri.23061
  • Jucker M, Walker LC. Self-propagation of pathogenic protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature 2013; 501:45-51; PMID:24005412; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12481
  • Vidal E, Fernández-Borges N, Pintado B, Ordóñez M, Márquez M, Fondevila D, Eraña H, Torres JM, Pumarola M, Castilla J. Exploring the risks of a putative transmission of BSE to new species. Prion 2013; 7:443-6; PMID:24184875; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/pri.27014
  • Allard EK, Grujic M, Fisone G, Kristensson K. Prion formation with activation of translation-regulating prion 4E-BP and neuronal transcription factor Elk1. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 58:116-22; PMID:23742760; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2013.05.014
  • Rouvinski A, Karniely S, Kounin M, Moussa S, Goldberg MD, Warburg G, Lyakhovetsky R, Papy-Garcia D, Kutzsche J, Korth C, et al. Live imaging of prions reveals nascent PrPSc in cell-surface, raft-associated amyloid strings and webs. J Cell Biol 2014; 204:423-41; PMID:24493590; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201308028
  • Godsave SF, Wille H, Pierson J, Prusiner SB, Peters PJ. Plasma membrane invaginations containing clusters of full-length PrPSc are an early form of prion-associated neuropathology in vivo. Neurobiol Aging. 2013; 34:1621-1631; PMID:23481568; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.12.015
  • Marijanovic Z, Caputo A, Campana V, Zurzolo C. Identification of an intracellular site of prion conversion. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5(5):e1000426; PMID:19424437; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000426
  • Gousset K, Schiff E, Langevin C, Marijanovic Z, Caputo A, Browman DT, Chenouard N, de Chaumont F, Martino A, Enninga J, et al. Prions hijack tunnelling nanotubes for intercellular spread. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 11:328-36; PMID:19198598; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1841
  • Marzo L, Gousset K, Zurzolo C. Multifaceted roles of tunneling nanotubes in intercellular communication. Front Physiol 2012; 3:72; PMID:22514537
  • Gavier-Widén D, Stack MJ, Baron T, Balachandran A, Simmons M. Diagnosis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in animals: a review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2005; 17:509-27.
  • Orrú CD, Wilham JM, Raymond LD, Kuhn F, Schroeder B, Raeber AJ, Caughey B. Prion disease blood test using immunoprecipitation and improved quaking-induced conversion. MBio. 2011; 2(3):e00078-11; PMID:21558432
  • Cramm M, Schmitz M, Karch A, Mitrova E, Kuhn F, Schroeder B, Raeber A, Varges D, Kim YS, Satoh K, et al. Stability and Reproducibility Underscore Utility of RT-QuIC for diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:1896-904; PMID:25823511
  • Brown P, Gajdusek DC. Survival of scrapie virus after 3 years' interment. Lancet 1991; 337:269-70; PMID:1671114
  • Maddison BC, Owen JP, Bishop K, Rees HC, Shaw G, Gough KC. The interaction of ruminant PrPSc with soils is influenced by prion source and soil type. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:8503-8; PMID:20968294
  • Terry LA, Howells L, Bishop K, Baker CA, Everest S, Thorne L, Maddison BC, Gough KC. Detection of prions in the faeces of sheep naturally infected with classical scrapie. Vet Res 2011; 42:65; PMID:21592355
  • Seidel B, Thomzig A, Buschmann A, Groschup MH, Peters R, Beekes M, Terytze, K. Scrapie agent (strain 263K) can transmit disease via the oral route after persistence in soil over years. PLoS One 2007; 2(5):e435; PMID:17502917
  • Maluquer de Motes C, Espinosa JC, Esteban A, Calvo M, Girones R, Torres JM. Persistence of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy infectious agent in sewage. Environ Res 2012; 117:1-7; PMID:22776326
  • Wiggins RC. Prion stability and infectivity in the environment. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:158-168; PMID:18483857
  • Mabbott NA. Prion pathogenesis and secondary lymphoid organs (SLO): Tracking the SLO spread of prions to the brain. Prion 2012; 6:322-33; PMID:22895090
  • Aguzzi A, Nuvolone M, Zhu C. The immunobiology of prion diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:888-902; PMID:24189576
  • Mabbott NA, Mackay F, Minns F, Bruce ME. Temporary inactivation of follicular dendritic cells delays neuroinvasion of scrapie. Nat Med 2000; 6:719-20; PMID:10888894
  • Montrasio F, Frigg R, Glatzel M, Klein MA, Mackay F, Aguzzi A, Weissmann C. Impaired prion replication in spleens of mice lacking functional follicular dendritic cells. Science 2000; 288:1257-9; PMID:10818004
  • Mabbott NA. Prospects for safe and effective vaccines against prion diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1-4.
  • Eloit M, Adjou K, Coulpier M, Fontaine JJ, Hamel R, Lilin T, Messiaen S, Andreoletti O, Baron T, Bencsik A, et al. BSE agent signatures in a goat. Vet Rec 2005; 156:523-4; PMID:15833975; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.156.16.523-b
  • Spiropoulos J, Lockey R, Sallis RE, Terry LA, Thorne L, Holder TM, Beck KE, Simmons MM. Isolation of prion with BSE properties from farmed goat. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:2253-61; PMID:22172149; http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1712.110333
  • McCulloch L, Brown KL, Mabbott NA. Ablation of the cellular prion protein, PrPC, specifically on follicular dendritic cells has no effect on their maturation or function. Immunology 2013; 138:246-57; PMID:23121447; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imm.12031
  • Prinz M, Huber G, Macpherson AJ, Heppner FL, Glatzel M, Eugster HP, Wagner N, Aguzzi A. Oral prion infection requires normal numbers of Peyer's patches but not of enteric lymphocytes. Am J Pathol 2003; 162:1103-11; PMID:12651603; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63907-7
  • Donaldson DS, Else KJ, Mabbott NA. The gut-associated lymphoid tissues in the small intestine, not the large intestine, play a major role in oral prion disease pathogenesis. J Virol 2015; 89:9532-47; PMID:26157121; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01544-15
  • Klein MA, Kaeser PS, Schwarz P, Weyd H, Xenarios I, Zinkernagel RM, Carroll MC, Verbeek JS, Botto M, Walport MJ, et al. Complement facilitates early prion pathogenesis. Nat Med 2001; 7:488-92; PMID:11283678; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/86567
  • Mabbott NA, Bruce ME, Botto M, Walport MJ, Pepys MB. Temporary depletion of complement component C3 or genetic deficiency of C1q significantly delays onset of scrapie. Nat Med 2001; 7:485-7; PMID:11283677; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/86562
  • Michel B, Ferguson A, Johnson T, Bender H, Meyerett-Reid C, Pulford B, von Teichman A, Seelig D, Weis JH, Telling GC, et al. Genetic depletion of complement receptors CD21/35 prevents terminal prion disease in a mouse model of chronic wasting disease. J Immunol 2012; 189:4520-7; PMID:23002439; http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1201579
  • O'Connor T, Frei N, Sponarova J, Schwarz P, Heikenwalder M, Aguzzi A. Lymphotxin, but not TNF, is required for prion invasion of lymph nodes. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002867; PMID:22912582; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002867
  • Kujala P, Raymond CR, Romeijn M, Godsave SF, van Kasteren SI, Wille H, Prusiner SB, Mabbott NA, Peters PJ. Prion uptake in the gut: identification of the first uptake and replication sites. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002449; PMID:22216002; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002449
  • Prinz M, Heikenwalder M, Junt T, Schwarz P, Glatzel M, Heppner FL, Fu YX, Lipp M, Aguzzi A. Positioning of follicular dendritic cells within the spleen controls prion neuroinvasion. Nature 2003; 425:957-62; PMID:14562059; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02072
  • Langevin C, Gousset K, Costanzo M, Richard-Le Goff O, Zurzolo C. Characterization of the role of dendritic cells in prion transfer to primary neurons. Biochem J 2010; 431:189-98; PMID:20670217; http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BJ20100698
  • Klein MA, Frigg R, Flechsig E, Raeber AJ, Kalinke U, Bluethmann H, Bootz F, Suter M, Zinkernagel RM, Aguzzi A. A crucial role for B cells in neuroinvasive scrapie. Nature 1997; 390:687-91; PMID:9414161
  • Heikenwalder M, Zeller N, Seeger H, Prinz M, Klöhn PC, Schwarz P, Ruddle NH, Weissmann C, Aguzzi A. Chronic lymphocytic inflammation specifies the organ tropism of prions. Science 2005; 307:1107-10; PMID:15661974; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1106460
  • Seeger H, Heikenwalder M, Zeller N, Kranich J, Schwarz P, Gaspert A, Seifert B, Miele G, Aguzzi A. Coincident scrapie infection and nephritis lead to urinary prion excretion. Science 2005; 310:324-6; PMID:16224026; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1118829
  • Ligios C, Cancedda MG, Carta A, Santucciu C, Maestrale C, Demontis F, Saba M, Patta C, DeMartini JC, Aguzzi A, et al. Sheep with scrapie and mastitis transmit infectious prions through milk. J Virol 2011; 85:1136-9; PMID:21084475; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02022-10
  • Konold T, Moore SJ, Bellworthy SJ, Terry LA, Thorne L, Ramsay A, Salguero FJ, Simmons MM, Simmons HA. Evidence of effective scrapie transmission via colostrum and milk in sheep. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:99; PMID:23651710; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-9-99
  • Konold T, Simmons HA, Webb PR, Bellerby PJ, Hawkins SA, González L. Transmission of classical scrapie via goat milk. Vet Rec 2013; 172:455; PMID:23625249; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.f2613
  • Konold T, Moore SJ, Bellworthy SJ, Simmons HA. Evidence of scrapie transmission via milk. BMC Vet Res 2008; 4:14; PMID:18397513; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-4-14
  • Bruce ME, Will RG, Ironside JW, McConnell I, Drummond D, Suttie A, McCardle L, Chree A, Hope J, Birkett C, et al. Transmissions to mice indicate that ‘new variant’ CJD is caused by the BSE agent. Nature 1997; 389:498-501; PMID:9333239; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/39057
  • Donnelly CA, Ferguson NM, Ghani AC, Woolhouse ME, Watt CJ, Anderson RM. The epidemiology of BSE in cattle herds in Great Britain. I. Epidemiological processes, demography of cattle and approaches to control by culling. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1997; 352:781-801; PMID:9279897; http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0062
  • Boelle PY, Cesbron JY, Valleron AJ. Epidemiological evidence of higher susceptibility to vCJD in the young. BMC Infect Dis 2004; 4:26; PMID:15304199; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-4-26
  • Brown KL, Wathne GJ, Sales J, Bruce ME, Mabbott NA. The effects of host age on follicular dendritic cell status dramatically impair scrapie agent neuroinvasion in aged mice. J Immunol 2009; 183:5199-207; PMID:19786551; http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0802695
  • Brown KL, Gossner A, Mok S, Mabbott NA. The effects of host age on the transport of complement-bound complexes to the spleen and the pathogenesis of intravenous scrapie infection. J Virol 2012; 86:1228-37.
  • Kobayashi A, Donaldson DS, Erridge C, Kanaya T, Williams IR, Ohno H, Mahajan A, Mabbott NA. The functional maturation of M cells is dramatically reduced in the Peyer's patches of aged mice. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:1027-37; PMID:23360902; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mi.2012.141
  • Brown KL, Mabbott NA. Evidence of subclinical prion disease in aged mice following exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:231-43; PMID:24123519; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.058958-0
  • Wathne GJ, Mabbott NA. The diverse roles of mononuclear phagocytes in prion disease pathogenesis. Prion 2012; 6:124-33; PMID:22421209; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/pri.18853
  • Heppner FL, Christ AD, Klein MA, Prinz M, Fried M, Kraehenbuhl JP, Aguzzi A. Transepithelial prion transport by M cells. Nat Med 2001; 7:976-7; PMID:11533681; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0901-976
  • Donaldson DS, Kobayashi A, Ohno H, Yagita H, Williams IR, Mabbott NA. M cell depletion blocks oral prion disease pathogenesis. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:216-25; PMID:22294048; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mi.2011.68
  • Raymond CR, Aucouturier P, Mabbott NA. In vivo depletion of CD11c+ cells impairs scrapie agent neuroinvasion from the intestine. J Immunol 2007; 179:7758-66; PMID:18025222; http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7758
  • Beekes M, McBride PA. The spread of prions through the body in naturally acquired transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. FEBS J 2007; 274:588-605; PMID:17288548; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05631.x
  • McBride PA, Schulz-Shaeffer WJ, Donaldson M, Bruce M, Diringer H, Kretzschmar HA, Beekes M. Early spread of scrapie from the gastrointestinal tract to the central nervous system involves autonomic fibers of the splanchnic and vagus nerves. J Virol 2001; 75:9320-7; PMID:11533195; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.75.19.9320-9327.2001
  • Glatzel M, Heppner FL, Albers KM, Aguzzi A. Sympathetic innervation of lymphoreticular organs is rate limiting for prion neuroinvasion. Neuron 2001; 31:25-34; PMID:11498048; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00331-2
  • EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ Panel). Scientific Opinion on a request for a review of a scientific publication concerning the zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions. EFSA J 2015; 13(8):4197.
  • Heppner FL, Musahl C, Arrighi I, Klein MA, Rülicke T, Oesch B, Zinkernagel RM, Kalinke U, Aguzzi A. Prevention of scrapie pathogenesis by transgenic expression of anti-prion protein antibodies. Science 2001; 294:178-82; PMID:11546838; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1063093
  • White AR, Enever P, Tayebi M, Mushens R, Linehan J, Brandner S, Anstee D, Collinge J, Hawke S. Monoclonal antibodies inhibit prion replication and delay the development of prion disease. Nature 2003; 422:80-3; PMID:12621436; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01457
  • Goñi F, Knudsen E, Schreiber F, Scholtzova H, Pankiewicz J, Carp R, Meeker HC, Rubenstein R, Brown DR, Sy MS, et al. Mucosal vaccination delays or prevents prion infection via the oral route. Neuroscience 2005; 133:413-21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.02.031
  • Sonati T, Reimann RR, Falsig J, Baral PK, O'Connor T, Hornemann S, Yaganoglu S, Li B, Herrmann US, Wieland B, et al. The toxicity of antiprion antibodies is mediated by the flexible tail of the prion protein. Nature 2013; 501:102-6; PMID:23903654; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12402
  • Gilch S, Chitoor N, Taguchi Y, Stuart M, Jewell JE, Schätzl HM. Chronic wasting disease. Top Curr Chem 2011; 305:51-77; PMID:21598099; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/128_2011_159
  • Sigurdson CJ. A prion disease of cervids: chronic wasting disease. Vet Res 2008; 39:41; PMID:18381058; http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2008018
  • Steve AC, Hawkins HA, Simmons KC, Gough BC, Maddison. Persistence of ovine scrapie infectivity in a farm environment following cleaning and decontamination. Vet Rec 2015; 176:499.
  • EFSA. Scientific Report: Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution of infectivity of Atypical BSE. EFSA J 2014; 12:3798.
  • Moda F, Gambetti P, Notari S, Concha-Marambio L, Catania M, Park KW, Maderna E, Suardi S, Haïk S, Brandel JP, et al. Prions in the urine of patients with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:530-9; PMID:25099577; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1404401
  • Lacroux C, Comoy E, Moudjou M, Perret-Liaudet A, Lugan S, Litaise C, Simmons H, Jas-Duval C, Lantier I, Béringue V, et al. Preclinical detection of variant CJD and BSE prions in blood. PLoS Pathog 2014; 12;10(6):e1004202; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004202
  • Andréoletti O, Litaise C, Simmons H, Corbière F, Lugan S, Costes P, Schelcher F, Vilette D, Grassi J, Lacroux C. Highly efficient prion transmission by blood transfusion. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8(6):e1002782; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002782
  • Parchi P, Giese A, Capellari S, Brown P, Schulz-Schaeffer W, Windl O, Zerr I, Budka H, Kopp N, Piccardo P, et al. Classification of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease based on molecular and phenotypic analysis of 300 subjects. Ann Neurol 1999; 46:224-33; PMID:10443888; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1531-8249(199908)46:2%3c224::AID-ANA12%3e3.0.CO;2-W
  • Parchi P, de Boni L, Saverioni D, Cohen ML, Ferrer I, Gambetti P, Gelpi E, Giaccone G, Hauw JJ, Höftberger R, et al. Consensus classification of human prion disease histotypes allows reliable identification of molecular subtypes: an inter-rater study among surveillance centres in Europe and USA. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 124:517-529; PMID:22744790; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-012-1002-8
  • Uro-Coste E, Cassard H, Simon S, Lugan S, Bilheude JM, Perret-Liaudet A, Ironside JW, Haik S, Basset-Leobon C, Lacroux C, et al. Beyond PrP res type 1/type 2 dichotomy in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4(3):e1000029; PMID:AMBIGUOUS; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000029
  • Gambetti P, Dong Z, Yuan J, Xiao X, Zheng M, Alshekhlee A, Castellani R, Cohen M, Barria MA, Gonzalez-Romero D, et al. A novel human disease with abnormal prion protein sensitive to protease. Ann Neurol 2008; 63:697-708; PMID:18571782; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.21420
  • Mitrová E, Kosorinová D, Gajdoš M, Šebeková K, Tomečková I. A pilot study of a genetic CJD risk factor (E200K) in the general population. Eur J Epidemiol 2014; 29:595-7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-014-9937-9
  • EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ). Scientific Opinion on the scrapie situation in the EU after 10 years of monitoring and control in sheep and goats. EFSA J 2014; 12:3781.
  • Seuberlich T, Gsponer M, Drögemüller C, Polak MP, McCutcheon S, Heim D, Oevermann A, Zurbriggen A. Novel prion protein in BSE-affected cattle, Switzerland. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:158-9; PMID:22261120; http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111225
  • Sala C, Morignat E, Oussaïd N, Gay E, Abrial D, Ducrot C, Calavas D. Individual factors associated with L- and H-type Bovine Spongiform encephalopathy in France. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:74; PMID:22647660; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-8-74