Occupational tuberculosis in healthcare workers in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review

References

• World Health Oragnization (WHO). Global tuberculosis report. Switzerland: World health Organization; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Batra S, Ayaz A, Murtaza A, Ahmad S, Hasan R, Pfau R. Childhood tuberculosis in household contacts of newly diagnosed TB patients. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e40880. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040880. PMID: 22859957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbett EL, Watt CJ, Walker N, et al. The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1009–21. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.9.1009. PMID: 12742798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith R, Cattamanchi A, Steingart KR, et al. Interferon-gamma release assays for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: evidence in immune-mediated inflammatory disorders. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23:377–84. doi:10.1097/BOR.0b013e3283474d62. PMID: 21519268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alisjahbana B, van Crevel R, Sahiratmadja E, et al. Diabetes mellitus is strongly associated with tuberculosis in Indonesia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10:696–700. PMID: 16776459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon CY, Murray MB. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of active tuberculosis: a systematic review of 13 observational studies. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e152. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050152. PMID: 18630984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cegielski JP, McMurray DN. The relationship between malnutrition and tuberculosis: evidence from studies in humans and experimental animals. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8:286–98. PMID: 15139466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonnroth K, Williams BG, Cegielski P, Dye C. A consistent log-linear relationship between tuberculosis incidence and body mass index. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39:149–55. doi:10.1093/ije/dyp308. PMID: 19820104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi R, Reingold AL, Menzies D, Pai M. Tuberculosis among Health-Care Workers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. PLoS Med. 2006;3:e494. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030494. PMID: 17194191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baussano I, Nunn P, Williams B, Pivetta E, Bugiani M, Scano F. Tuberculosis among health care workers. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:488–94. doi:10.3201/eid1703.100947. PMID: 21392441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzies D, Joshi R, Pai M. Risk of tuberculosis infection and disease associated with work in health care settings. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007;11:593–605. PMID: 17519089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz MA, Wright A, Laszlo A, et al. Epidemiology of antituberculosis drug resistance (the Global Project on Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance): an updated analysis. Lancet. 2006;368:2142–54. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69863-2. PMID: 17174706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen PA, Lambert LA, Iademarco MF, Ridzon R, Control CfD and Prevention. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care settings, 2005. 2005.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO policy on TB infection control in health-care facilities, congregate settings and households. 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Hierarchy of Controls. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Sissolak D, Marais F, Mehtar S. TB infection prevention and control experiences of South African nurses – A phenomenological study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-262. PMID: 21518434Please provide missing [Pages No] for [16]..
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seidler A, Nienhaus A, Diel R. Review of epidemiological studies on the occupational risk of tuberculosis in low-incidence areas. Respiration. 2005;72:431–46. doi:10.1159/000086261. PMID: 16088290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grobler L, Mehtar S, Dheda K, et al. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in health care workers in South Africa: A systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16. doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1601-5. PMID: 27544429Please provide missing [Pages No] for [18]..
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nasreen S, Shokoohi M, Malvankar-Mehta MS. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis among health care workers in high burden countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2016;11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164034. PMID: 27711155Please provide missing [Pages No] for [19]..
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The World Bank Group. Sub-Saharan Africa. 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews. 2015;4:1. doi:10.1186/2046-4053-4-1. PMID: 25554246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaza S, Wright-De Aguero LK, Briss PA, et al. Data collection instrument and procedure for systematic reviews in the Guide to Community Preventive Services. Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18:44–74. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00122-1. PMID: 10806979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skelly AC, Dettori JR, Brodt ED. Assessing bias: the importance of considering confounding. Evidence-Based Spine-Care Journal. 2012;3:9–12. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1298595. PMID: 23236300.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harries AD, Kamenya A, Namarika D, et al. Delays in diagnosis and treatment of smear-positive tuberculosis and the incidence of tuberculosis in hospital nurses in Blantyre, Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997;91:15–7. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(97)90376-X. PMID: 9093617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson D, Gilks CF. Increasing frequency of tuberculosis among staff in a South African district hospital: impact of the HIV epidemic on the supply side of health care. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998;92:500–2. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(98)90889-6. PMID: 9861361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harries AD, Nyirenda TE, Banerjee A, Boeree MJ, Salaniponi FM. Tuberculosis in health care workers in Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999;93:32–5. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(99)90170-0. PMID: 10492785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyob G, Gebeyhu M, Goshu S, Girma M, Lemma E, Fontanet A. Increase in tuberculosis incidence among the staff working at the Tuberculosis Demonstration and Training Centre in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study (1989–1998). Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2002;6:85–8. PMID: 11931406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harries AD, Hargreaves NJ, Gausi F, Kwanjana JH, Salaniponi FM. High death rates in health care workers and teachers in Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002;96:34–7. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(02)90231-2. PMID: 11925986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanyerere HS, Salaniponi FM. Tuberculosis in health care workers in a central hospital in Malawi. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7:489–92. PMID: 12757052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naidoo S, Jinabhai CC. TB in health care workers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10:676–82. PMID: 16776456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claassens MM, Sismanidis C, Lawrence KA, et al. Tuberculosis among community-based health care researchers. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010;14:1576–81. PMID: 21144243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tudor C, Van der Walt M, Margot B, et al. Tuberculosis among health care workers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a retrospective cohort analysis. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:891. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-891. PMID: 25174848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbett EL, Muzangwa J, Chaka K, et al. Nursing and community rates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among students in Harare, Zimbabwe. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:317–23. doi:10.1086/509926. PMID: 17205434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams S, Ehrlich R, Baatjies R, et al. Incidence of occupational latent tuberculosis infection in South African healthcare workers. Eur Respir J. 2015;45:1364–73. doi:10.1183/09031936.00138414. PMID: 25700382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy KM, Scott LE, Gous N, et al. High incidence of latent tuberculous infection among South frican health workers: An urgent call for action. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19:647–53. doi:10.5588/ijtld.14.0759. PMID: 25946353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassim S, Zuber P, Wiktor SZ, et al. Tuberculin skin testing to assess the occupational risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among health care workers in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000;4:321–6. PMID: 10777080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayanja HK, Debanne S, King C, Whalen CC. Tuberculosis infection among health care workers in Kampala, Uganda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005;9:686–8. PMID: 15971398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rie A, McCarthy K, Scott L, Dow A, Venter WD, Stevens WS. Prevalence, risk factors and risk perception of tuberculosis infection among medical students and healthcare workers in Johannesburg, South Africa. Samj, S. 2013;103:853–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agaya J, Nnadi CD, Odhiambo J, et al. Tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection among healthcare workers in Kisumu, Kenya. Trop Med Int Health. 2015;20:1797–804. doi:10.1111/tmi.12601. PMID: 26376085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutanga C, Lowrance DW, Oeltmann JE, et al. Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Associated Factors among Health Care Workers in Kigali, Rwanda. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0124485. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124485. PMID: 25919759.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salami AK, Oluboyo PO. Health care workers and risk of hospital-related tuberculosis. Niger J Clin Pract. 2008;11:32–6. PMID: 18689136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ukpe IS, Blitz J, Hugo J, Nkosi R, Mpangane T, McLaren S. The treatment outcomes of tuberculosis among health care workers in a general hospital in the Mpumalanga province, South Africa. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2009;1:121–4. doi:10.4102/phcfm.v1i1.86.
   Google Scholar
• Kehinde AO, Baba A, Bakare RA, Ige OM, Gbadeyanka CF, Adebiyi OE. Pulmonary tuberculosis among health care workers at two designated DOTS Centers in urban city of Ibadan, Nigeria. Indian J Med Res. 2011;133:613–7. PMID: 21727659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claassens MM, van Schalkwyk C, du Toit E, et al. Tuberculosis in healthcare workers and infection control measures at primary healthcare facilities in South Africa. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e76272. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076272. PMID: 24098461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harries A, Hargreaves N, Gausi F, Kwanjana J, Salaniponi F. Preventing tuberculosis among health workers in Malawi. Bull World Health Organ. 2002;80:526-. PMID: 12163915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines on the management of latent tuberculosis infection. Spain: World Health Organization; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Farhat M, Greenaway C, Pai M, Menzies D. False-positive tuberculin skin tests: what is the absolute effect of BCG and non-tuberculous mycobacteria? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10:1192–204. PMID: 17131776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). TB and HIV. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO); 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Narasimhan P, Wood J, MacIntyre CR, Mathai D. Risk Factors for Tuberculosis. Pulmonary Medicine. 2013;2013:828939. doi:10.1155/2013/828939. PMID: 23476764.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baussano I, Nunn P, Williams B, Pivetta E, Bugiani M, Scano F. Tuberculosis among Health Care Workers. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:488–94. doi:10.3201/eid1703.100947. PMID: 21392441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbui C, Cipriani A. Publication bias in systematic reviews. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:868. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.7.868-a. PMID: 17606823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar