The relation of blood lead and QRS-T angle in American adults

References

• Solenkova NV, Newman JD, Berger JS, Thurston G, Hochman JS, Lamas GA. Metal pollutants and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and consequences of exposure. Am Heart J. 2014;168(6):812–822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abadin H, Ashizawa A, Stevens YW, et al. Toxicological Profile for Lead. Atlanta, US: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Kosnett MJ, Wedeen RP, Rothenberg SJ. Recommendations for medical management of adult lead exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(3):463–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC, NCHS. Underlying Cause of Death 1999-2016. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S). https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html.
   Google Scholar
• Navas-Acien A, Guallar E, Silbergeld EK, Rothenberg SJ. Lead exposure and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(3):472–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamas GA, Navas-Acien A, Mark DB, Lee KL. Heavy metals, cardiovascular disease, and the unexpected benefits of chelation therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(20):2411–2418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menke A, Muntner P, Batuman V, Silbergeld EK, Guallar E. Blood lead below 0.48 micromol/L (10 microg/dL) and mortality among US adults. Circulation 2006;114(13):1388–1394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CC, Yen HW, Lo YH, Chu YH, Chiu YW, Chuang HY. The association of prolonged QT interval on electrocardiography and chronic lead exposure. J Occup Environ Med. 2013;55(6):614–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karakulak UN, Yilmaz OH, Tutkun E, Gunduzoz M, Ercan Onay E. Comprehensive electrocardiographic analysis of lead exposed workers: an arrhythmic risk assessment study. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2017;22(2):e12376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiełtucki J, Dobrakowski M, Pawlas N, Średniawa B, Boroń M, Kasperczyk S. The analysis of QT interval and repolarization morphology of the heart in chronic exposure to lead. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2017;36(10):1081–1086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertel O, Buhler FR, Ott J. Lead-induced hypertension: blunted beta-adrenoceptor-mediated functions. Br Med J. 1978;1(6112):551.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kopp SJ, Barron JT, Tow JP. Cardiovascular actions of lead and relationship to hypertension: a review. Environ Health Perspect. 1988;78:91–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myerson RM, Eisenhauer JH. Atrioventricular conduction defects in lead poisoning. Am J Cardiol. 1963;11:409–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stofen D. Environmental lead and the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1974;6(3):285–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oehler A, Feldman T, Henrikson CA, Tereshchenko LG. QRS-T angle: a review. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2014;19(6):534–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voulgari C, Pagoni S, Tesfaye S, Tentolouris N. The spatial QRS-T angle: implications in clinical practice. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2013;9(3):197–210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang X, Zhu Q, Zhu L, et al. Spatial/frontal QRS-T angle predicts all-cause mortality and cardiac mortality: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0136174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorimer G. Saturnine gout, and its distinguishing marks. Br Med J. 1886;2(1334):163
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plan and operation of the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988-94. Series 1: programs and collection procedures. Vital Health Stat 1994;1:1–407.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). National Center for Health Statistics. Third national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III), 1988–94: NHANES III Second Laboratory Data File (CD-ROM, Series 11, No. 2A). Hyattsville, MD: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Rautaharju PM, MacInnis PJ, Warren JW, Wolf HK, Rykers PM, Calhoun HP. Methodology of ECG interpretation in the Dalhousie program; NOVACODE ECG classification procedures for clinical trials and population health surveys. Methods Inf Med. 1990;29(4):362–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackburn H, Keys A, Simonson E, Rautaharju P, Punsar S. The electrocardiogram in population studies. A classification system. Circulation 1960;21:1160–1175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreurs CA, Algra AM, Man S-C, et al. The spatial QRS-T angle in the Frank vectorcardiogram: accuracy of estimates derived from the 12-lead electrocardiogram. J Electrocardiol. 2010;43(4):294–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherptong RWC, Henkens IR, Man SC, et al. Normal limits of the spatial QRS-T angle and ventricular gradient in 12-lead electrocardiograms of young adults: dependence on sex and heart rate. J Electrocardiol. 2008;41(6):648–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirkle JL, Brody DJ, Gunter EW, et al. The decline in blood lead levels in the United States. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). JAMA 1994;272(4):284–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrrell JB, Hafida S, Stemmer P, Adhami A, Leff T. Lead (Pb) exposure promotes diabetes in obese rodents. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2017;39:221–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection E and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in A. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002;106:3143–3421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasana J, Hlaing WM, Siegel KA, Chamorro A, Niyonsenga T. Blood lead levels in children and environmental lead contamination in Miami inner city, Florida. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2006;3(3):228–234.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kastorini C-M, Milionis HJ, Georgousopoulou E, et al. Defining the path between social and economic factors, clinical and lifestyle determinants, and cardiovascular disease. Glob Heart. 2015;10(4):255–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang PL. A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Disease Models Mechanisms. 2009;2(5–6):231–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havranek EP, Froshaug DB, Emserman CDB, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiovascular mortality by race and ethnicity. Am J Med. 2008;121(10):870–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsey FL, Schafer DW. The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Brooks Cole; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Vaziri ND, Gonick HC. Cardiovascular effects of lead exposure. Indian J Med Res. 2008;128(4):426–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira de Mattos G, Costa C, Savio F, Alonso M, Nicolson GL. Lead poisoning: acute exposure of the heart to lead ions promotes changes in cardiac function and Cav1.2 ion channels. Biophys Rev. 2017;9(5):807–825.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elffers TW, de Mutsert R, Lamb HJ, et al. Association of metabolic syndrome and electrocardiographic markers of subclinical cardiovascular disease. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2017;9(1):40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faramawi MF, Sall M, Abdul Kareem MY. The association of the metabolic syndrome with T-wave axis deviation in NHANES III. Ann Epidemiol. 2008;18(9):702–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang ZM, Prineas RJ, Case D, Soliman EZ, Rautaharju PM, Group AR. Comparison of the prognostic significance of the electrocardiographic QRS/T angles in predicting incident coronary heart disease and total mortality (from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study). Am J Cardiol. 2007;100(5):844–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar